{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:53:53Z","timestamp":1784130833256,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the clinical applications, short and long-term survival, and complications of using transfixation pin casts for treatment of comminuted phalangeal fractures in adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201420 horses.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records were reviewed to obtain information regarding signalment, fracture location, treatment methods, complications, and short-term survival (discharge from hospital). Long-term follow-up information was obtained via contact with owners or trainers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201412 fractures were in a hind limb, and 8 were in a forelimb. Fourteen fractures occurred in a middle phalanx, and 6 occurred in a proximal phalanx. Eleven fractures were treated with internal fixation combined with transfixation pin casts, and 9 fractures were treated with transfixation pin casts alone. Transfixation pin casts were maintained for a mean of 52 days (median, 49 days; range, 1 to 131 days). Fourteen (70%) horses were discharged from the hospital, whereas 6 (30%) were euthanized during the treatment period. Reasons for euthanasia included secondary fracture of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone, avascularity of the distal aspect of the limb associated with an open fracture, and displacement of the fracture after transfixation pin cast removal. A significantly greater number of horses was discharged from the hospital when the transfixation pin cast was maintained for &gt; 40 days, compared with those in which the transfixation pin cast was maintained for &lt; 40 days.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that horses should be maintained in a transfixation pin cast for a minimum of 40 days, as this was associated with an increase in short-term survival without an increased risk of catastrophic failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.5.725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T13:54:45Z","timestamp":1157118885000},"page":"725-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Use of transfixation pin casts to treat adult horses with comminuted phalangeal fractures: 20 cases (1993\u20132003)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"229","author":[{"given":"JoLynn","family":"Joyce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany L.","family":"Sarrafian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted S.","family":"Stashak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle","family":"Trotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Frisbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1331","article-title":"In vitro comparison of the standard short limb cast and three configurations of short limb transfixation casts in equine forelimbs","volume":"55","author":"McClure","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"32","article-title":"The use of the walking cast to repair fractures in horses and ponies","volume":"23","author":"Nemeth","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1098","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of four methods of attaching transfixation pins into a fiberglass cast for use in horses","volume":"57","author":"McClure","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"254","article-title":"Management of comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses: 64 cases (1983\u20132001)","volume":"224","author":"Kraus","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Fracture Repair","first-page":"117","article-title":"Fractures of the proximal phalanx","author":"Richardson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1327","article-title":"In vitro comparison of the effect of parallel and divergent transfixation pins on breaking strength of equine third metacarpal bones","volume":"55","author":"McClure","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"345","article-title":"A new external skeletal fixation device that allows immediate full weight-bearing application in the horse","volume":"15","author":"Nunamaker","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1242","article-title":"Effect of clustered drill holes on the breaking strength of the equine third metacarpal bone","volume":"51","author":"Specht","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1573","article-title":"In vivo measurement of bone strain in the horse","volume":"36","author":"Turner","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"1054","article-title":"Managing equine fractures with external skeletal fixation","volume":"17","author":"McClure","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"485","article-title":"Improving pin selection and insertion technique for external skeletal fixation","volume":"19","author":"Anderson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1298","article-title":"In vitro comparison of the use of two large-animal, centrally threaded, positive-profile transfixation pin designs in the equine third metacarpal bone","volume":"61","author":"Morisset","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1304","article-title":"In vitro comparison of metaphyseal and diaphyseal placement of centrally threaded, positive profile transfixation pins in the equine third metacarpal bone","volume":"61","author":"McClure","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"659","article-title":"Primary treatment of severe fractures by external skeletal fixation: threaded pins compared with smooth","volume":"22","author":"Aaron","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1633","article-title":"In vitro comparison of transfixation and standard full-limb casts for prevention of displacement of a mid-diaphyseal third metacarpal osteotomy site in horses","volume":"61","author":"Hopper","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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