{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:04:17Z","timestamp":1771373057555,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"S2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Equine peripheral caries is a common condition characterized by demineralization and degradation of the clinical crown of equine cheek teeth. The condition can cause significant pain and morbidity, particularly in severe cases. Recent studies indicate that the condition is driven by environmental conditions within the mouth, as only the clinical crown of the tooth is affected (the reserve crown below the gingival margin remains unaffected). It is hypothesized that peripheral caries is driven by changes in oral pH, with risk factors for the condition including the intake of high-sugar feeds (oaten hay and feeding moderate levels of concentrate feed) and access to drinking water with an acidic pH. However, other identified risk factors include breed (Thoroughbred), limited pasture access, and concurrent dental or periodontal disease. Further studies have been able to show that affected teeth can recover from the condition if the inciting cause is removed and the unaffected reserve crown is allowed to replace the damaged clinical crown. Improvements in the condition can be observed within a few months. Signs of inactive (recovering) caries include a darker color and a smooth, hard, and reflective surface, and there is a new layer of unaffected cementum at the gingival margin, indicating that the newly erupted tooth is unaffected. Peripheral caries is a common and often overlooked condition in horses, which can often be treated with simple changes to equine management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.01.0036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T12:22:32Z","timestamp":1686831752000},"page":"S79-S86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Recent advances in the treatment and prevention of equine peripheral caries"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Vet, Forrestdale, WA, Australia"},{"name":"School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Kelty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Dent","first-page":"150","article-title":"A histological study of peripheral dental caries of equine cheek teeth","volume":"29","author":"Erridge ME","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erridge ME, Cox AL, Dixon PM. A histological study of peripheral dental caries of equine cheek teeth. J Vet Dent. 2012;29(3):150\u2013156. doi:10.1177\/089875641202900303"},{"issue":"5","key":"B2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"617","article-title":"Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment","volume":"51","author":"Jackson K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jackson K, Kelty E, Staszyk C, Tennant M. Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment. Equine Vet J. 2019;51(5):617\u2013624. doi:10.1111\/evj.13084"},{"issue":"6","key":"B3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Retrospective case review investigating the effect of replacing oaten hay with a non-cereal hay on equine peripheral caries in 42 cases","volume":"53","author":"Jackson K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson K, Kelty E, Tennant M. Retrospective case review investigating the effect of replacing oaten hay with a non-cereal hay on equine peripheral caries in 42 cases. Equine Vet J. 2020;53(6):1105\u20131111. doi:10.1111\/evj.13404"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"286","article-title":"Equine peripheral cemental defects and dental caries: four case reports","volume":"33","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m T, Birkhed D. Equine peripheral cemental defects and dental caries: four case reports. Equine Vet Educ. 2020;33:286\u2013286."},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"480","article-title":"An epidemiological survey on the prevalence of equine peripheral dental caries in the United Kingdom and possible risk factors for its development","volume":"49","author":"Borkent D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borkent D, Reardon RJM, McLachlan G, Smith S, Dixon PM. An epidemiological survey on the prevalence of equine peripheral dental caries in the United Kingdom and possible risk factors for its development. Equine Vet J. 2017;49(4):480\u2013485. doi:10.1111\/evj.12610"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"310","article-title":"Post mortem survey of peripheral dental caries in 510 Swedish horses","volume":"42","author":"Gere I","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gere I, Dixon PM. Post mortem survey of peripheral dental caries in 510 Swedish horses. Equine Vet J. 2010;42(4):310\u2013315. doi:10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2009.00024.x"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"98","article-title":"Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first-opinion horse population in the UK","volume":"246","author":"Nuttall HE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nuttall HE, Ravenhill PJ. Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first-opinion horse population in the UK. Vet J. 2019;246:98\u2013102. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"B8","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"79","article-title":"Equine peripheral dental caries: an epidemiological survey assessing prevalence and possible risk factors in Western Australian horses","volume":"50","author":"Jackson K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jackson K, Kelty E, Tennant M. Equine peripheral dental caries: an epidemiological survey assessing prevalence and possible risk factors in Western Australian horses. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(1):79\u201384. doi:10.1111\/evj.12718"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"96","article-title":"A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses","volume":"31","author":"Lee L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee L, Reardon RJM, Dixon PM. A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses. Equine Vet Educ. 2019;31:96\u2013102. doi:10.1111\/eve.12783"},{"issue":"4","key":"B10","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"780","article-title":"A new equine peripheral caries grading system: are the caries likely active or inactive?","volume":"53","author":"Jackson K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson K, Kelty E, Tennant, M. A new equine peripheral caries grading system: are the caries likely active or inactive? Equine Vet J. 2020;53(4):780\u2013786. doi:10.1111\/evj.13359"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"104","article-title":"A histological and ultrastructural study of equine peripheral caries","volume":"52","author":"Borkent D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borkent D, Smith S, Dixon PM. A histological and ultrastructural study of equine peripheral caries. Equine Vet J. 2020;52(1):104\u2013111. doi:10.1111\/evj.13134"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"J Conserv Dent","first-page":"46","article-title":"Dental caries: a complete changeover (part I)","volume":"12","author":"Carounanidy U","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carounanidy U, Sathyanarayanan R. Dental caries: a complete changeover (part I). J Conserv Dent. 2009;12(2):46\u201354. doi:10.4103\/0972-0707.55617 doi:10.4103\/0972-0707.57631"},{"issue":"3","key":"B13","series-title":"J Conserv Dent","first-page":"87","article-title":"Dental caries: a complete changeover (part II)- changeover in the diagnosis and prognosis","volume":"12","author":"Carounanidy U","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carounanidy U, Sathyanarayanan R. Dental caries: a complete changeover (part II)- changeover in the diagnosis and prognosis. J Conserv Dent. 2009;12(3):87\u2013100. doi:10.4103\/0972-0707.57631"},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","series-title":"Oral Dis","first-page":"249","article-title":"Solubility properties of human tooth mineral and pathogenesis of dental caries","volume":"10","author":"Aoba T","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aoba T. Solubility properties of human tooth mineral and pathogenesis of dental caries. Oral Dis. 2004;10(5):249\u2013257. doi:10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2004.01030.x"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"621","article-title":"Equine peripheral and infundibular dental caries: a review and proposals for their investigation","volume":"29","author":"Borkent D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borkent D, Dixon PM. Equine peripheral and infundibular dental caries: a review and proposals for their investigation. Equine Vet Educ. 2017;29:621\u2013628. doi:10.1111\/eve.12497"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry","first-page":"41","article-title":"Dental caries: etiology, clinical characteristics, risk assessment, and management","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ritter AV, Eidson RS, Donovan TE. Dental caries: etiology, clinical characteristics, risk assessment, and management. In: Dolan J, ed. Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry. 6th ed. Elsevier Mosby; 2013:41\u201388."},{"issue":"1","key":"B17","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"67","article-title":"A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing","volume":"52","author":"Borkent D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Borkent D, Reardon RJM, McLachlan G, Glendinning L, Dixon PM. A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing. Equine Vet J. 2019;52(1):67\u201375. doi:10.1111\/evj.13126"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"e39","article-title":"Traumatic injury to the parotid salivary gland or duct and the subsequent development of ipsilateral severe peripheral dental caries in two horses","volume":"33","author":"Jackson K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jackson K, McConnell E, Kelty E, Tennant M. Traumatic injury to the parotid salivary gland or duct and the subsequent development of ipsilateral severe peripheral dental caries in two horses. Equine Vet Educ. 2019;33:e39\u2013e44. doi:10.1111\/eve.13197"},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"21","article-title":"Equine saliva components during mastication, and in vivo pH changes in the oral biofilm of sound and carious tooth surfaces after sucrose exposure","volume":"62","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m T, Lingstr\u00f6m P, Wattle O, Carl\u00e9n A, Birkhed D. Equine saliva components during mastication, and in vivo pH changes in the oral biofilm of sound and carious tooth surfaces after sucrose exposure. Acta Vet Scand. 2020;62(1):21\u201326. doi:10.1186\/s13028-020-00518-2"},{"issue":"6","key":"B20","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"942","article-title":"Equine dental and skeletal fluorosis induced by well water consumption","volume":"32","author":"Kelly LH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelly LH, Uzal FA, Poppenga RH, et al. Equine dental and skeletal fluorosis induced by well water consumption. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2020;32(6):942\u2013947. doi:10.1177\/1040638720962746"},{"key":"B21","author":"Kelly L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelly L. Photographic essay of chronic fluorosis in horses Part 4: clinical diagnosis and mitigation strategies, 2023. doi:10.13140\/RG.2.2.30697.77926\/1"},{"key":"B22","author":"Davidson W","unstructured":"Davidson W. Hydrogeology and groundwater resources of the Perth region, Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia 1995. Accessed August 4, 2017. http:\/\/geodocs.dmp.wa.gov.au\/viewer\/multipageViewerAction.do?documentId=19316&viewMarkId=0&ct=true&at=none&btv=true&atv=false&vmtv=false&ac=ff0000&cabinetId=1101&pg=3&scl=64&bds=0|0|2560|3584&cabinetId=1101"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Assessing the stage of caries lesion activity on the basis of clinical and microbiological examination","volume":"25","author":"Nyvad B","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Assessing the stage of caries lesion activity on the basis of clinical and microbiological examination. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25:69\u201375. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00901.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/S2\/javma.23.01.0036.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/261\/S2\/javma.23.01.0036.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/261\/S2\/javma.23.01.0036.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T21:59:08Z","timestamp":1727301548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/S2\/javma.23.01.0036.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.01.0036","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}}}