{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:25:35Z","timestamp":1790087135754,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate analgesic efficacy of 3 different preoperative protocols in cows undergoing right flank laparotomy for displaced abomasum.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>40 cows diagnosed with displaced abomasum.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The cows were assigned by block randomization to 1 of 3 preoperative protocols: inverted L-block using 50 mL of 2% lidocaine (ILB; n = 13), ILB plus preoperative flunixin meglumine (2 mg\/kg, IV; ILB-F; 13), and dorsolumbar epidural anesthesia using 2% xylazine (0.8 mL) and 2% lidocaine (4 mL; EPI; 14). Venous blood samples were collected for CBC, serum biochemistry, and cortisol preoperatively and at 0 (immediately after), 3, 17, and 48 hours postoperatively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean (95% CI) of the serum cortisol in ILB, ILB-F, and EPI were 108.7 (66.7 to 150.7), 150.7 (116.4 to 185.0), and 139.8 (93.4 to 186.3), respectively. The serum cortisol concentrations decreased over time in all groups (ILB, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .001; ILB-F and EPI, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). In the ILB group, the cortisol concentration at 17 and 48 hours postoperatively decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .026 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .009, respectively), compared with that preoperatively. In the ILB-F and EPI groups, the preoperative cortisol concentration was the highest and then decreased at 0, 3, 17, and 48 hours postoperatively (ILB-F, 0 hours [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .001] and 3, 17, and 48 hours [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001]; EPI, all [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001]).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>ILB-F and EPI improved intraoperative and immediate postoperative indicators of pain-related stress when compared to standard ILB. EPI requires less anesthetic, which may be beneficial when in short supply.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.02.0062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T12:28:57Z","timestamp":1684758537000},"page":"1374-1379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Preoperative protocol for right flank laparotomy affects postoperative serum cortisol concentrations in dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Ayano","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Farm Animal Clinical Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomochika","family":"Sugiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Farm Animal Clinical Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keigo","family":"Kosenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Farm Animal Clinical Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Farm Animal Clinical Sciences, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"535","article-title":"Local, regional, and spinal anesthesia in ruminants","volume":"32","author":"Edmondson MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Edmondson MA. Local, regional, and spinal anesthesia in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2016;32(3):535-552. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.05.015"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"157","article-title":"Prevention and management of surgical pain in cattle","volume":"29","author":"Anderson DE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anderson DE, Edmondson MA. Prevention and management of surgical pain in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2013;29(1):157-184. doi:10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.11.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"75","article-title":"Assessment and management of pain associated with castration in cattle","volume":"29","author":"Coetzee JF","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coetzee JF. Assessment and management of pain associated with castration in cattle. 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