{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1788691838425,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To provide epidemiological information on the occurrence of animal and human rabies in the US during 2021 and summaries of 2021 rabies surveillance for Canada and Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>State and territorial public health departments and USDA Wildlife Services provided data on animals submitted for rabies testing in 2021. Data were analyzed temporally and geographically to assess trends in domestic animal and wildlife rabies cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During 2021, 54 US jurisdictions reported 3,663 rabid animals, representing an 18.2% decrease from the 4,479 cases reported in 2020. Texas (n = 456 [12.4%]), Virginia (297 [8.1%]), Pennsylvania (287 [7.8%]), North Carolina (248 [6.8%]), New York (237 [6.5%]), California (220 [6.0%]), and New Jersey (201 [5.5%]) together accounted for &gt; 50% of all animal rabies cases reported in 2021. Of the total reported rabid animals, 3,352 (91.5%) involved wildlife, with bats (n = 1,241 [33.9%]), raccoons (1,030 [28.1%]), skunks (691 [18.9%]), and foxes (314 [8.6%]) representing the primary hosts confirmed with rabies. Rabid cats (216 [5.9%]), cattle (40 [1.1%]), and dogs (36 [1.0%]) accounted for 94% of rabies cases involving domestic animals in 2021. Five human rabies deaths were reported in 2021.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The number of animal rabies cases reported in the US decreased significantly during 2021; this is thought to be due to factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.02.0081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T15:58:59Z","timestamp":1678291139000},"page":"1045-1053","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2021"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bonaparte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Orciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal M.","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordona D.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Services, APHIS, USDA, Concord, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fehlner-Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory\u2013Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cin","family":"Thang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Expertise for Rabies, Ottawa Laboratory\u2013Fallowfield, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica Guti\u00e9rrez","family":"Cedillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud de M\u00e9xico, CDMX, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidia","family":"Ar\u00e9chiga-Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Rabia, Departamento de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Diagn\u00f3stico y Referencia Epidemiol\u00f3gicos, Secretar\u00eda de Salud de M\u00e9xico, CDMX, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agam","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc.","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2020","volume":"260","author":"Ma X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma X, Bonaparte S, Toro M,  Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2020. 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