{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:24:56Z","timestamp":1790202296050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The primary purpose of perioperative IV fluid administration is to preserve tissue perfusion by maintaining or restoring the effective circulating intravascular volume. Fluids are drugs that produce beneficial or harmful effects dependent upon their composition, osmotic potential, kinetics, and dose. Appropriate dosing requires an understanding of body fluid compartments, fluid balance, and the administered fluids\u2019 behavior in the body. Anesthetic drugs and general anesthesia produce CNS, neuroendocrine, and macro-\/microvascular hemodynamic effects. These effects modulate the response to IV fluid administration and promote interstitial fluid accumulation, third-space fluid loss, and fluid overload. This narrative review discusses current knowledge regarding anesthesia-associated physiologic and IV fluid kinetic changes that influence the efficacy of IV fluid administration during the intraoperative period. A rationale for intraoperative fluid dosing that addresses intraoperative hypotension, blood loss, and practices that promote fluid overload is provided. Intraoperative IV fluid administration should be individualized and monitored by dynamic goal-directed methods that evaluate fluid responsiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.03.0160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T08:10:47Z","timestamp":1686730247000},"page":"1539-1546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Contemporary perspectives on perioperative fluid therapy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Muir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Perioperative fluid therapy","volume":"221","author":"Kudnig ST","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kudnig ST, Mama K. Perioperative fluid therapy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;221(8):1112-1121. doi:10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1112"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"723","article-title":"A rational approach to perioperative fluid management","volume":"109","author":"Chappell D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K, Conzen P, Rehm M. A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology. 2008;109(4):723-740. doi:10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181863117"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"744080","article-title":"Fluid therapy in animals: physiologic principles and contemporary fluid resuscitation considerations. Editorial","volume":"8","author":"Muir WW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muir WW, Hughes D, Silverstein DC. Fluid therapy in animals: physiologic principles and contemporary fluid resuscitation considerations. Editorial. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:744080. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.744080"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"553","article-title":"An online survey of small animal veterinarians regarding current fluid therapy practices in dogs and cats","volume":"252","author":"Hopper K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopper K, Garcia Rojas, Barter L. An online survey of small animal veterinarians regarding current fluid therapy practices in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;252(5):553-559. doi:10.2460\/javma.252.5.553"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care","first-page":"290","article-title":"Fluids are drugs: type, dose and toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Raghunathan K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raghunathan K, Shaw AD, Bagshaw SM. Fluids are drugs: type, dose and toxicity. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2013;19(4):290-298. doi:10.1097\/MCC.0b013e3283632d77"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"J Intensive Care","first-page":"20","article-title":"Context-sensitive fluid therapy in critical illness","volume":"4","author":"Tatara T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tatara T. Context-sensitive fluid therapy in critical illness. J Intensive Care. 2016;4(1):20. doi:10.1186\/s40560-016-0150-7"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"204","article-title":"The ASA Physical Status classification: what is the evidence for recommending its use in veterinary anesthesia?\u2014a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Portier K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Portier K, Ida KK. The ASA Physical Status classification: what is the evidence for recommending its use in veterinary anesthesia?\u2014a systematic review. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:204. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2018.00204"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref8","series-title":"Ann Intensive Care","first-page":"64","article-title":"Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: executive summary of the international fluid academy (IFA)","volume":"10","author":"Malbrain MLNG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Malbrain MLNG, Langer T, Annane D,  Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: executive summary of the international fluid academy (IFA). Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):64. doi:10.1186\/s13613-020-00679-3"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"53","article-title":"Anesthesia-associated relative hypovolemia: mechanisms, monitoring, and treatment considerations","volume":"5","author":"Noel-Morgan J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noel-Morgan J, Muir WW. Anesthesia-associated relative hypovolemia: mechanisms, monitoring, and treatment considerations. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:53. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2018.00053"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol","first-page":"H939","article-title":"Venous return and the physical connection between distribution of segmental pressures and volumes","volume":"317","author":"Brengelmann GL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brengelmann GL. Venous return and the physical connection between distribution of segmental pressures and volumes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;317(5):H939-H953. doi:10.1152\/ajpheart.00381.2019"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref11","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Understanding and extending the Starling principle","volume":"64","author":"Michel CC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michel CC, Woodcock TE, Curry FE. Understanding and extending the Starling principle. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020;64(8):1032-1037. doi:10.1111\/aas.13603"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"384","article-title":"Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy","volume":"108","author":"Woodcock TE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Woodcock TE, Woodcock TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth. 2012;108(3):384-394. doi:10.1093\/bja\/aer515"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"273","article-title":"The glycocalyx as a permeability barrier: basic science and clinical evidence","volume":"26","author":"Dull RO","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dull RO, Hahn RG. The glycocalyx as a permeability barrier: basic science and clinical evidence. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):273. doi:10.1186\/s13054-022-04154-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref14","series-title":"BJA Educ","first-page":"74","article-title":"Plasma volume, tissue oedema, and the steady-state Starling principle","volume":"17","author":"Woodcock TE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woodcock TE. Plasma volume, tissue oedema, and the steady-state Starling principle. BJA Educ. 2017;17(2):74-78. doi:10.1093\/bjaed\/mkw035"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"587106","article-title":"Understanding volume kinetics: the role of pharmacokinetic modeling and analysis in fluid therapy","volume":"7","author":"Yiew XT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yiew XT, Bateman SW, Hahn RG, Bersenas AME, Muir WW. Understanding volume kinetics: the role of pharmacokinetic modeling and analysis in fluid therapy. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:587106. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.587106"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref16","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"475","article-title":"The half-life of infusion fluids: an educational review","volume":"33","author":"Hahn RG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hahn RG, Lyons G. The half-life of infusion fluids: an educational review. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016;33(7):475-482. doi:10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000436"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand","first-page":"451","article-title":"Fluid escapes to the \u201cthird space\u201d during anesthesia, a commentary","volume":"65","author":"Hahn RG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hahn RG. Fluid escapes to the \u201cthird space\u201d during anesthesia, a commentary. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2020;65(4):451-456. doi:10.1111\/aas.13740"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"587564","article-title":"Evaluation of the distribution and elimination of balanced isotonic crystalloid, 5% hypertonic saline, and 6% tetrastarch 130\/0.4 using volume kinetic modeling and analysis in healthy conscious cats","volume":"7","author":"Yiew XT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yiew XT, Bateman SW, Hahn RG, Bersenas AME. Evaluation of the distribution and elimination of balanced isotonic crystalloid, 5% hypertonic saline, and 6% tetrastarch 130\/0.4 using volume kinetic modeling and analysis in healthy conscious cats. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:587564. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.587564"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref19","series-title":"Int J Surg","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Clarification of the circulatory patho-physiology of anaesthesia\u2014implications for high-risk surgical patients","volume":"12","author":"Wolff CB","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolff CB, Green DW. Clarification of the circulatory patho-physiology of anaesthesia\u2014implications for high-risk surgical patients. Int J Surg. 2014;12(12):1348-1356. doi:10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.10.034"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Isoflurane alters the recirculatory pharmacokinetics of physiologic markers","volume":"92","author":"Avram MJ","year":"2000","unstructured":"Avram MJ, Krejcie TC, Niemann CU, Enders-Klein C, Shanks CA, Henthorn TK. Isoflurane alters the recirculatory pharmacokinetics of physiologic markers. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(6):1757-1768. doi:10.1097\/00000542-200006000-00036"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)","first-page":"281","article-title":"Effects of phenylephrine on cardiac output and venous return depend on the position of the heart on the Frank-Starling relationship","volume":"113","author":"Cannesson M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cannesson M, Jian Z, Chen G, Vu TQ, Hatib F. Effects of phenylephrine on cardiac output and venous return depend on the position of the heart on the Frank-Starling relationship. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012;113(2):281-289. doi:10.1152\/japplphysiol.00126.2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"99","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor\/vascular permeability factor enhances vascular permeability via nitric oxide and prostacyclin","volume":"97","author":"Murohara T","year":"1998","unstructured":"Murohara T, Horowitz JR, Silver M,  Vascular endothelial growth factor\/vascular permeability factor enhances vascular permeability via nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Circulation. 1998;97(1):99-107. doi:10.1161\/01.cir.97.1.99"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref23","series-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol","first-page":"292","article-title":"Structure-specific membrane-fluidizing effect of propofol","volume":"28","author":"Tsuchiya H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tsuchiya H. Structure-specific membrane-fluidizing effect of propofol. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001;28(4):292-299. doi:10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2001.03441.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr","first-page":"183140","article-title":"Isoflurane increases cell membrane fluidity significantly at clinical concentrations","volume":"1862","author":"Patel J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel J, Chowdhury EA, Noorani B, Bickel U, Huang J. Isoflurane increases cell membrane fluidity significantly at clinical concentrations. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2020;1862(2):183140. doi:10.1016\/j.bbamem.2019.183140"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","series-title":"Surgery","first-page":"439","article-title":"Role of solute in the early restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage","volume":"94","author":"Gann DS","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gann DS, Carlson DE, Byrnes GJ, Pirkle JC Jr, Allen-Rowlands CF. Role of solute in the early restitution of blood volume after hemorrhage. Surgery. 1983;94(3):439-446."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","series-title":"Crit Care Clin","first-page":"587","article-title":"Fluid creep and over-resuscitation","volume":"32","author":"Saffle JR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saffle JR. Fluid creep and over-resuscitation. Crit Care Clin. 2016;32(4):587-598. doi:10.1016\/j.ccc.2016.06.007"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"639848","article-title":"Crystalloid and colloid compositions and their impact","volume":"8","author":"Rudloff E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rudloff E, Hopper K. Crystalloid and colloid compositions and their impact. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:639848. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.639848"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals","volume":"31","author":"Muir W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Muir W. Effect of intravenously administered crystalloid solutions on acid-base balance in domestic animals. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(5):1371-1381. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14803"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","series-title":"Transfusion","first-page":"212","article-title":"Safety profile of high molecular weight polymerized hemoglobins","volume":"61","author":"Muller CR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Muller CR, Williams AT, Munoz CJ,  Safety profile of high molecular weight polymerized hemoglobins. Transfusion. 2021;61(1):212-224. doi:10.1111\/trf.16157"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"99","article-title":"Effects of high-volume, rapid-fluid therapy on cardiovascular function and hematological values during isoflurane-induced hypotension in healthy dogs","volume":"76","author":"Valverde A","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valverde A, Gianotti G, Rioja-Garcia E, Hathway A. Effects of high-volume, rapid-fluid therapy on cardiovascular function and hematological values during isoflurane-induced hypotension in healthy dogs. Can J Vet Res. 2012;76(2):99-108."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","series-title":"Genet Mol Res","first-page":"6649","article-title":"Effects of goal-directed fluid therapy with different lactated Ringer\u2019s: hydroxyethyl starch ratios in hemorrhagic shock dogs","volume":"14","author":"Tao JP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tao JP, Huang QQ, Huang HQ,  Effects of goal-directed fluid therapy with different lactated Ringer\u2019s: hydroxyethyl starch ratios in hemorrhagic shock dogs. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14(2):6649-6663. doi:10.4238\/2015.June.18.8"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"R104","article-title":"Interactions between the volume effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130\/0.4 and Ringer\u2019s acetate","volume":"17","author":"Hahn RG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hahn RG, Bergek C, Geb\u00e4ck T, Zdolsek J. Interactions between the volume effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130\/0.4 and Ringer\u2019s acetate. Crit Care. 2013;17(3):R104. doi:10.1186\/cc12749"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"630643","article-title":"Assessment of volume status and fluid responsiveness in small animals","volume":"8","author":"Boysen SR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boysen SR, Gommeren K. Assessment of volume status and fluid responsiveness in small animals. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:630643. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.630643"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"591218","article-title":"Terms, definitions, nomenclature, and routes of fluid administration","volume":"7","author":"Chow RS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chow RS. Terms, definitions, nomenclature, and routes of fluid administration. Front Vet Sci. 2021;7:591218. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.591218"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref35","series-title":"Vet Sci","first-page":"26","article-title":"Intraoperative assessment of fluid responsiveness in normotensive dogs under isoflurane anaesthesia","volume":"8","author":"Skouropoulou D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skouropoulou D, Lacitignola L, Di Bella C,  Intraoperative assessment of fluid responsiveness in normotensive dogs under isoflurane anaesthesia. Vet Sci. 2021;8(2):26. doi:10.3390\/vetsci8020026"},{"issue":"Spec No","key":"ref36","series-title":"Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther","first-page":"s78","article-title":"Intravenous balanced solutions: from physiology to clinical evidence","volume":"47","author":"Langer T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Langer T, Santini A, Scotti E, Van Regenmortel N, Malbrain ML, Caironi P. Intravenous balanced solutions: from physiology to clinical evidence. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015;47(Spec No):s78-s88. doi:10.5603\/AIT.a2015.0079"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref37","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Development and implementation of veterinary anesthesia medical quality standards for primary care","volume":"49","author":"Morrison JA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morrison JA, Spofford N, Yang M, Saito E, Lambert L, Faunt K. Development and implementation of veterinary anesthesia medical quality standards for primary care. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2022;49(3):233-242. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.01.009"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref38","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1751","article-title":"Development of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in veterinary medicine through a one-health approach: the role of anesthesia and locoregional techniques","volume":"260","author":"Campoy L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Campoy L. Development of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols in veterinary medicine through a one-health approach: the role of anesthesia and locoregional techniques. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(14):1751-1759. doi:10.2460\/javma.22.08.0354"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"634","article-title":"The impact of fluid optimisation before induction of anaesthesia on hypotension after induction","volume":"75","author":"Khan AI","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan AI, Fischer M, Pedoto AC,  The impact of fluid optimisation before induction of anaesthesia on hypotension after induction. Anaesthesia. 2020;75(5):634-641. doi:10.1111\/anae.14984"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Braz J Vet Med","first-page":"e001222","article-title":"Comparison of preoperative fluid therapy protocols associated with inhalational or total intravenous anesthesia for anesthetic procedures in dogs with sepsis","volume":"44","author":"Lima VCT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lima VCT, Peixoto AJR, Fernandes MEDSL,  Comparison of preoperative fluid therapy protocols associated with inhalational or total intravenous anesthesia for anesthetic procedures in dogs with sepsis. Braz J Vet Med. 2022;44:e001222. doi:10.29374\/2527-2179.bjvm001222"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"175","article-title":"Effect of pre-warming on perioperative hypothermia and anesthetic recovery in small breed dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy","volume":"58","author":"Aarnes TK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aarnes TK, Bednarski RM, Lerche P, Hubbell JA. Effect of pre-warming on perioperative hypothermia and anesthetic recovery in small breed dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Can Vet J. 2017;58(2):175-179."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref42","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0219722","article-title":"Pre-warming before general anesthesia with isoflurane delays the onset of hypothermia in rats","volume":"15","author":"Rufiange M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rufiange M, Leung VSY, Simpson K, Pang DSJ. Pre-warming before general anesthesia with isoflurane delays the onset of hypothermia in rats. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0219722. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0219722"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref43","series-title":"J Surg Res","first-page":"288","article-title":"Hemodynamic parameters change earlier than tissue oxygen tension in hemorrhage","volume":"160","author":"Pestel GJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pestel GJ, Fukui K, Kimberger O, Hager H, Kurz A, Hiltebrand LB. Hemodynamic parameters change earlier than tissue oxygen tension in hemorrhage. J Surg Res. 2010;160(2):288-293. doi:10.1016\/j.jss.2008.11.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","series-title":"Vet Evid","article-title":"Developments in surgical fluid therapy rates in veterinary medicine","volume":"5","author":"Naden K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naden K. Developments in surgical fluid therapy rates in veterinary medicine. Vet Evid. 2020;5(3). doi:10.18849\/ve.v5i3.299"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","series-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol","first-page":"265","article-title":"Fluid therapy for the surgical patient","volume":"20","author":"Brandstrup B","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brandstrup B. Fluid therapy for the surgical patient. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2006;20(2):265-283. doi:10.1016\/j.bpa.2005.10.007"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref46","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"829","article-title":"SMART Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults","volume":"378","author":"Semler MW","year":"2018","unstructured":"Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, ; SMART Investigators and the Pragmatic Critical Care Research Group. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(9):829-839. doi:10.1056\/NEJMoa1711584"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref47","series-title":"Shock","first-page":"566","article-title":"Kinetics of Ringer\u2019s solution in extracellular dehydration and hemorrhage","volume":"53","author":"Hahn RG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hahn RG, Drobin D, Li Y, Zdolsek J. Kinetics of Ringer\u2019s solution in extracellular dehydration and hemorrhage. Shock. 2020;53(5):566-573. doi:10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001422"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref48","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"630","article-title":"Effects of intravenous administration of lactated Ringer\u2019s solution on hematologic, serum biochemical, rheological, hemodynamic, and renal measurements in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized dogs","volume":"239","author":"Muir WW III","year":"2011","unstructured":"Muir WW III, Kijtawornrat A, Ueyama Y, Radecki SV, Hamlin RL. Effects of intravenous administration of lactated Ringer\u2019s solution on hematologic, serum biochemical, rheological, hemodynamic, and renal measurements in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011;239(5):630-637. doi:10.2460\/javma.239.5.630"},{"key":"ref49","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"668688","article-title":"Fluid overload","volume":"8","author":"Hansen B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hansen B. Fluid overload. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:668688. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2021.668688"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref50","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"556","article-title":"Critical haemoglobin concentration in anaesthetized dogs: comparison of two plasma substitutes","volume":"81","author":"Van der Linden P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Van der Linden P, Schmartz D, De Groote F,  Critical haemoglobin concentration in anaesthetized dogs: comparison of two plasma substitutes. Br J Anaesth. 1998;81(4):556-562. doi:10.1093\/bja\/81.4.556"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref51","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"609","article-title":"Estimating allowable hemodilution","volume":"41","author":"Bourke DL","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bourke DL, Smith TC. Estimating allowable hemodilution. Anesthesiology. 1974;41(6):609-612. doi:10.1097\/00000542-197412000-00015"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref52","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"304","article-title":"Fluid therapy might be more difficult than you think","volume":"105","author":"Hahn RG","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hahn RG. Fluid therapy might be more difficult than you think. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(2):304-305. doi:10.1213\/01.ane.0000270218.31147.67"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.03.0160.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.03.0160.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.03.0160.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T04:26:39Z","timestamp":1754108799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.03.0160.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.03.0160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}