{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T21:50:55Z","timestamp":1789249855193,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To develop a Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) for use in raptors presenting with head trauma and assess the agreement of the MGCS scores between examiners with varying backgrounds, and to assess the prognostic value of the avian MGCS in raptors with head trauma.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>156 native raptorial species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All raptors received an MGCS assessment within 8 hours of their presentation, between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019. For the first objective, the assessment was performed by a veterinary student, a wildlife veterinarian, and a board-certified or resident veterinary neurologist. Each animal received a score in 3 categories (motor activity, level of consciousness, and brain stem reflexes) and an overall score. For the second objective, the MGCS scoring was performed by the intaking clinical team member and survival after 48 hours was documented.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Agreement between the 3 individual scores was assessed via Cronbach \u03b1 and intraclass correlation. There was excellent-good agreement in all 3 assessment categories as well as the overall score. Univariate associations between survival and demographic factors were determined using the \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> test. Overall, raptors with a total MGCS of &lt; 10 were less likely to survive than those with a score &gt; 12.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>An avian-specific MGCS demonstrated good-excellent agreement among raters of various backgrounds in assessing raptors with head trauma. Additionally, this study showed that an avian-specific MGCS may be correlated with the probability of survival within the first 48 hours after presentation to rehabilitation facilities in raptors with head trauma.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.05.0225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T16:24:43Z","timestamp":1689956683000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An avian Modified Glasgow Coma Scale as a prognostic indicator in raptors with head trauma"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Kari D.","family":"Foss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista A.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"},{"name":"Wildlife Epidemiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Reich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Franzen-Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Raptor Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Raptor Center, Huntsville, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Sosa-Higareda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William T. 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