{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T04:40:15Z","timestamp":1754109615690,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe a case of tracheal injury secondary to gunshot trauma in a rhinoceros.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>5-year-old female white rhinoceros (<jats:italic>Ceratotherium simum<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The rhinoceros was found alive with an apparent bullet entry wound cranial to the left shoulder. The rhinoceros was agitated and had bilateral epistaxis and increased respiratory noise. Immobilization of the animal facilitated closer examination and initiation of medical therapy. Radiographs obtained of the neck region at this first examination were nondiagnostic. Subsequent immobilization events allowed for further diagnostics and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Initial treatment included a broad-spectrum antibiotic and a corticosteroid. Five days following the injury, the rhinoceros was considered stable, and the animal was immobilized to investigate the cause of the epistaxis and respiratory signs. Tracheoscopy revealed a full-thickness penetrating wound in the mid to caudal region of the trachea, and the surface of a metallic projectile was viewed within the wound. Medical treatment was continued and the rhinoceros was managed conservatively. At 14 days, radiographs of the neck made with a more powerful unit revealed tissue emphysema dorsal to the trachea. A subsequent tracheoscopy 54 days after injury revealed a granulated wound. Follow-up at 4 years after injury determined that the rhinoceros was reported to be behaving normally and had successfully calved.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Gunshot wounds associated with poaching are a prevalent problem in rhinoceros in Africa. Although more aggressive therapy including surgery may likely be considered in zoo or domestic animals, limited conservative treatment was successful in this wild-managed rhinoceros.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.05.0254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T13:36:47Z","timestamp":1689341807000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel case of tracheal injury secondary to gunshot trauma in a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Mathew P.","family":"Gerard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony T.","family":"Blikslager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. Johan","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saving the Survivors, Pretoria North, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"453","article-title":"Trauma and wound management: gunshot wounds in horses","volume":"30","author":"Munsterman AS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Munsterman AS, Hanson RR. Trauma and wound management: gunshot wounds in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2014;30(2):453-466. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2014.04.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol","first-page":"34","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes","volume":"19","author":"Tougard C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tougard C, Delefosse T, H\u00e4nni C, Montgelard C. Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2001;19(1):34-44. doi:10.1006\/mpev.2000.0903"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Anim Sci","first-page":"100196","article-title":"Medical grade honey: hope for wounded white rhinos","volume":"13","author":"Marais HJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marais HJ, Glyphis ZG, Cremers NA. Medical grade honey: hope for wounded white rhinos. Vet Anim Sci. 2021;13:100196. doi:10.1016\/j.vas.2021.100196"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Rhino dialogues introduction. Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment, Republic of South Africa. Accessed May 11, 2023. https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/projectsprogrammes\/rhinodialogues\/introduction","article-title":"Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment, Republic of South Africa"},{"year":"2020","key":"ref5","unstructured":"Updated poaching numbers for the Kruger National Park. 2020. Accessed May 11, 2023. https:\/\/rhinos.org\/blog\/updated-poaching-numbers-from-kruger-national-park"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.05.0254.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.05.0254.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.05.0254.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T04:27:25Z","timestamp":1754108845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/261\/10\/javma.23.05.0254.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.05.0254","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}