{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:31:40Z","timestamp":1769599900818,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) became notifiable in horses in 2003 in Canada and has been reported every year since. The objective of this study was to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of WNV in horses between 2003 and 2020 in Canada.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The 848 symptomatic and laboratory-confirmed WNV cases in horses reported to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency between 2003 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Canada was divided into eastern and western regions for analysis. For each case, location and date of notification were captured. Triennial maps were made to describe the spatiotemporal distribution and expansion of reported cases. The association between year and latitude of cases was investigated with simple linear regressions, and space-time clusters were detected with a permutation scan test.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most of the western region showed an extended distribution of WNV cases from 2003 to 2005 and a high recurrence of cases at the census division level. In the eastern region, the expansion of cases was gradual, with new infected census divisions mostly contiguous to previous ones. There was no association between year and latitude of cases. Six spatiotemporal clusters were detected.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study confirmed the endemicity of WNV in parts of both regions with local peaks in risk varying in time. Prevention and control efforts should focus on previously infected areas based on the spatiotemporal regional distribution patterns. Incursions of WNV to new areas should also be anticipated. These findings could also contribute to enhancing monitoring and prevention of WNV infections in an integrated surveillance system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.05.0259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T08:31:05Z","timestamp":1691656265000},"page":"1466-1474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution of West Nile virus cases in horses reveals different spatiotemporal patterns in eastern and western Canada"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"261","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Levasseur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique) and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Arsenault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique) and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Par\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health Research Unit (Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique) and Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Animal Health Science Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"469","article-title":"Surveillance of West Nile virus in horses in Canada: a retrospective study of cases reported to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency from 2003 to 2019","volume":"62","author":"Levasseur A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Levasseur A, Arsenault J, Par\u00e9 J. Surveillance of West Nile virus in horses in Canada: a retrospective study of cases reported to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency from 2003 to 2019. Can Vet J. 2021;62(5):469-476."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"World Organisation for Animal Health","author":"World Animal Health Information System","unstructured":"World Animal Health Information System. World Organisation for Animal Health. Accessed November 30, 2022. https:\/\/wahis.woah.org\/"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Government of Canada, Department of Justice","article-title":"Part X General Provisions, Section 91.2 and Schedule VII Immediately Notifiable Diseases","author":"Health of Animals Regulations","unstructured":"Health of Animals Regulations. Part X General Provisions, Section 91.2 and Schedule VII Immediately Notifiable Diseases. Government of Canada, Department of Justice. 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Epidemiology of West Nile virus in horses in Canada from 2003 to 2020: a look at the geographic distribution and vaccination coverage. 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