{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:54:29Z","timestamp":1773842069878,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To identify predictive factors for postoperative continence in female Golden Retrievers following cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters (CLA-EU).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>41 client-owned female entire Golden Retrievers with uni- or bilateral intramural ectopic ureter(s) were retrospectively enrolled.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients were diagnosed with ectopic ureters with a combination of ultrasonography and cystoscopy. CLA-EU was performed for all dogs so that each ureteral opening was considered to be in an appropriate position by a single operator. All dogs had short-term follow-up 4 weeks and long-term follow up &gt; 10 weeks after the procedure via telephone, which included urinary continence scoring. Clinical factors and ultrasonographic and cystoscopic findings from initial presentation were evaluated to identify predictive factors for postoperative continence.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Short-term urinary continence was achieved in 46.3% of dogs with no additional medical therapies. Presence of historical urinary tract infections prior to CLA-EU (OR, 0.130; 95% CI, 0.020 to 0.621; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .018) was negatively correlated and ureteral dilatation (OR, 34.260; 95% CI, 1.813 to 2,143; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .043) was positively correlated with likelihood of urinary continence. Long-term urinary continence was achieved in 63.4% of dogs, and presence of historical urinary tract infections was negatively prognostic (OR, 0.173; 95% CI, 0.023 to 0.856; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .048).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Female Golden Retrievers undergoing CLA-EU have similar outcomes to those reported for other mixed-breed cohorts with &gt; 30% of dogs failing to regain urinary continence. Historical urinary tract infections were significantly associated with both short- and long-term urinary continence in our population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.07.0396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T12:53:39Z","timestamp":1697028819000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Persistent urinary incontinence in female Golden Retrievers following laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters may be associated with the presence of historical urinary tract infection"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Oliver L.","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebekah C.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"100","article-title":"Urinary incontinence after surgical repair of ureteral ectopia in dogs","volume":"20","author":"McLaughlin R Jr","year":"1991","unstructured":"McLaughlin R Jr, Miller CW. Urinary incontinence after surgical repair of ureteral ectopia in dogs. Vet Surg. 1991;20(2):100\u2013103. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950x.1991.tb00315.x"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"81","article-title":"Surgery of ectopic ureters: types, method of correction, and postoperative results","volume":"26","author":"Stone EA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stone EA, Mason LK. Surgery of ectopic ureters: types, method of correction, and postoperative results. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1990;26:81\u201388."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"196","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of surgically managed ectopic ureters in 33 dogs","volume":"47","author":"Ho LK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ho LK, Troy GC, Waldron DR. Clinical outcomes of surgically managed ectopic ureters in 33 dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2011;47(3):196\u2013202. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5495"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"561","article-title":"Breed predisposition to ureteral ectopia in bitches in the UK","volume":"146","author":"Holt PE","year":"2000","unstructured":"Holt PE, Thrusfield MV, Moore AH. Breed predisposition to ureteral ectopia in bitches in the UK. Vet Rec. 2000;146(19):561. doi:10.1136\/vr.146.19.561"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref5","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"501","article-title":"Breed associations of canine ectopic ureter: a study of 217 female cases","volume":"25","author":"Hayes HM","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hayes HM. Breed associations of canine ectopic ureter: a study of 217 female cases. J Small Anim Pract. 1984;25(8):501\u2013504. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1984.tb03422.x"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"345","article-title":"Canine ureteral ectopia: an analysis of 175 cases and comparison of surgical treatments","volume":"136","author":"Holt PE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Holt PE, Moore AH. Canine ureteral ectopia: an analysis of 175 cases and comparison of surgical treatments. Vet Rec. 1995;136(14):345\u2013349. doi:10.1136\/vr.136.14.345"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"515","article-title":"Ectopic ureters in dogs: clinical features, surgical techniques and outcome","volume":"41","author":"Reichler IM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reichler IM, Eckrich Specker C, Hubler M, Boos A, Haessig M, Arnold S. Ectopic ureters in dogs: clinical features, surgical techniques and outcome. Vet Surg. 2012;41(4):515\u2013522. doi:10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.00952.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","series-title":"J Anim Breed Genet","first-page":"146","article-title":"Inheritance of ectopic ureters in Entlebucher Mountain Dogs","volume":"131","author":"Fritsche R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fritsche R, Dolf G, Schelling C, Hungerbuehler SO, Hagen R, Reichler IM. Inheritance of ectopic ureters in Entlebucher Mountain Dogs. J Anim Breed Genet. 2014;131(2):146\u2013152. doi:10.1111\/jbg.12055"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"27","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in juvenile female Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers: hospital prevalence and anatomic urogenital anomalies","volume":"52","author":"Callard J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callard J, McLoughlin MA, Byron JK, Chew DJ. Urinary incontinence in juvenile female Soft-Coated Wheaten Terriers: hospital prevalence and anatomic urogenital anomalies. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2016;52(1):27\u201335. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6220"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref10","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"224","article-title":"Delayed-onset urinary incontinence in five female dogs with ectopic ureters","volume":"51","author":"Thomas PC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomas PC, Yool DA. Delayed-onset urinary incontinence in five female dogs with ectopic ureters. J Small Anim Pract. 2010;51(4):224\u2013226. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00893.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"17","article-title":"Diagnosis and surgical management of ectopic ureters","volume":"15","author":"McLoughlin MA","year":"2000","unstructured":"McLoughlin MA, Chew DJ. Diagnosis and surgical management of ectopic ureters. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2000;15(1):17\u201324. doi:10.1053\/svms.2000.7302"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"328","article-title":"Ultrasonography as a sensitive and specific diagnostic modality for the detection of ectopic ureters in urinary incontinent dogs","volume":"63","author":"Taylor O","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taylor O, Knight R, Genain MA, Owen L. Ultrasonography as a sensitive and specific diagnostic modality for the detection of ectopic ureters in urinary incontinent dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2022;63(3):328\u2013336. doi:10.1111\/vru.13055"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"475","article-title":"Evaluation of transurethral cystoscopy and excretory urography for diagnosis of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 25 cases (1992-2000)","volume":"223","author":"Cannizzo KL","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cannizzo KL, McLoughlin MA, Mattoon JS, Samii VF, Chew DJ, DiBartola SP. Evaluation of transurethral cystoscopy and excretory urography for diagnosis of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 25 cases (1992-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223(4):475\u2013481. doi:10.2460\/javma.2003.223.475"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"271","article-title":"Digital fluoroscopic excretory urography, digital fluoroscopic urethrography, helical computed tomography, and cystoscopy in 24 dogs with suspected ureteral ectopia","volume":"18","author":"Samii VF","year":"2004","unstructured":"Samii VF, McLoughlin MA, Mattoon JS,  Digital fluoroscopic excretory urography, digital fluoroscopic urethrography, helical computed tomography, and cystoscopy in 24 dogs with suspected ureteral ectopia. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18(3):271\u2013281. doi:10.1892\/0891-6640(2004)18<271:dfeudf>2.0.co;2"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Long-term outcome of female dogs treated for intramural ectopic ureters with cystoscopic-guided laser ablation","volume":"50","author":"Hoey CSFK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoey CSFK, Friend E, Meakin LB, Chanoit GP. Long-term outcome of female dogs treated for intramural ectopic ureters with cystoscopic-guided laser ablation. Vet Surg. 2021;50(7):1449\u20131462. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13702"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"716","article-title":"Evaluation of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in female dogs","volume":"240","author":"Berent AC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berent AC, Weisse C, Mayhew PD, Todd K, Wright M, Bagley D. Evaluation of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in female dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012;240(6):716\u2013725. doi:10.2460\/javma.240.6.716"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"156","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in female dogs","volume":"36","author":"Hooi KS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hooi KS, Vachon C, Martel DV, Dunn M. Retrospective evaluation of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of intramural ectopic ureters in female dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(1):156\u2013163. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16321"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"568","article-title":"Outcomes of 25 female dogs treated for ectopic ureters by open surgery or cystoscopic-guided laser ablation","volume":"51","author":"Dekerle B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dekerle B, Maurice E, Decambron A, Viateau V, Maurey C, Manassero M. Outcomes of 25 female dogs treated for ectopic ureters by open surgery or cystoscopic-guided laser ablation. Vet Surg. 2022;51(4):568\u2013575. doi:10.1111\/vsu.13807"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"631","article-title":"Surgical management of ectopic ureters in dogs: clinical outcome and prognostic factors for long-term continence","volume":"46","author":"No\u00ebl SM","year":"2017","unstructured":"No\u00ebl SM, Claeys S, Hamaide AJ. Surgical management of ectopic ureters in dogs: clinical outcome and prognostic factors for long-term continence. Vet Surg. 2017;46(5):631\u2013641. doi:10.1111\/vsu.12654"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref20","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Four cases of lowered urethral pressure in canine ectopic ureter","volume":"62","author":"Koie H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koie H, Yamaya Y, Sakai T. Four cases of lowered urethral pressure in canine ectopic ureter. J Vet Med Sci. 2000;62(11):1221\u20131222. doi:10.1292\/jvms.62.1221"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref21","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1348","article-title":"Evaluation of results of preoperative urodynamic measurements in nine dogs with ectopic ureters","volume":"206","author":"Lane IF","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lane IF, Lappin MR, Seim HB III. Evaluation of results of preoperative urodynamic measurements in nine dogs with ectopic ureters. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995;206(9):1348\u20131357."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref22","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"167","article-title":"Urethral conformation and position in relation to urinary incontinence in the bitch","volume":"131","author":"Gregory SP","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gregory SP, Parkinson TJ, Holt PE. Urethral conformation and position in relation to urinary incontinence in the bitch. Vet Rec. 1992;131(8):167\u2013170. doi:10.1136\/vr.131.8.167"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref23","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"944","article-title":"Endoscopic-guided laser ablation of vestibulovaginal septal remnants in dogs: 36 cases (2007-2011)","volume":"244","author":"Burdick S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burdick S, Berent AC, Weisse C, Langston C. Endoscopic-guided laser ablation of vestibulovaginal septal remnants in dogs: 36 cases (2007-2011). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2014;244(8):944\u2013949. doi:10.2460\/javma.244.8.944"},{"issue":"S2","key":"ref24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"S12","article-title":"Cystoscopic-guided scissor transection of intramural ectopic ureters as a novel alternate minimally invasive treatment option to laser ablation in female dogs: 8 cases (2011-2020)","volume":"260","author":"Jacobson E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacobson E, Meler EN, Delisser PJ, Thompson AL. Cystoscopic-guided scissor transection of intramural ectopic ureters as a novel alternate minimally invasive treatment option to laser ablation in female dogs: 8 cases (2011-2020). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;260(S2):S12\u2013S20. doi:10.2460\/javma.21.03.0153"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref25","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"29","article-title":"Prognostic factors for continence after surgical correction of ectopic ureters of 51 dogs with long-term follow-up","volume":"64","author":"Visser J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Visser J, Fieten H, van Velzen HW, Zaal MD, Kummeling A. Prognostic factors for continence after surgical correction of ectopic ureters of 51 dogs with long-term follow-up. Acta Vet Scand. 2022;64(1):29. doi:10.1186\/s13028-022-00648-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Surgical management of urinary incontinence","volume":"34","author":"Hoelzler MG","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoelzler MG, Lidbetter DA. Surgical management of urinary incontinence. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2004;34(4):1057\u20131073, viii. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2004.03.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"22","article-title":"Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in dogs: an update","volume":"54","author":"Applegate R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Applegate R, Olin S, Sabatino B. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in dogs: an update. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2018;54(1):22\u201329. doi:10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6524"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref28","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"959","article-title":"Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003-2008)","volume":"242","author":"Forsee KM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Forsee KM, Davis GJ, Mouat EE, Salmeri KR, Bastian RP. Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013;242(7):959\u2013962. doi:10.2460\/javma.242.7.959"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref29","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"65","article-title":"Urodynamic testing in the diagnosis of small animal micturition disorders","volume":"20","author":"Goldstein RE","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goldstein RE, Westropp JL. Urodynamic testing in the diagnosis of small animal micturition disorders. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract. 2005;20(1):65\u201372. doi:10.1053\/j.ctsap.2004.12.009"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"8","article-title":"International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats","volume":"247","author":"Weese JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weese JS, Blondeau J, Boothe D,  International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. Vet J. 2019;247:8\u201325. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.02.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.07.0396.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.07.0396.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.07.0396.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:04:17Z","timestamp":1741352657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.07.0396.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.07.0396","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}}}