{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:11:30Z","timestamp":1767373890351},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nDiagnosing equine grass sickness (EGS) requires histopathological evidence of chromatolysis and\/or neuronal loss in peripheral autonomic ganglia. Previous investigators performed postmortem biopsies of gustatory papillae located on the tongue and found chromatolytic subgemmal neurons in all 13 EGS horses. The present study aimed to design a standardized lingual biopsy sampling method through a transbuccal approach in healthy standing horses and assess the quality of the obtained samples, to allow antemortem diagnosis of EGS in clinical cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n6 healthy horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMETHODS<\/jats:title>\nA transbuccal approach was performed bilaterally in 6 healthy standing horses. After having reached a deep level of sedation, horses were placed in stocks and a G\u00fcnther mouth gag was inserted. Local anesthesia followed by a vertical full thickness incision was performed on both cheeks. Foliate papillae biopsies were carried out using an arthroscopic rongeur inserted through each incision site under oral endoscopic control. Tongue movements were restricted with diazepam. Histological assessment of taste buds and subgemmal plexi neurons was performed using H&E-stained longitudinal sections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nThe procedure was well tolerated in all horses. Minor complications observed were a transient facial paralysis, some incisional fluid collection, and abscesses. Ten samples (10\/12) were suitable for assessment of neuronal perikarya.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nThis procedure was safe for subgemmal plexus biopsy in healthy standing horses. The obtained samples were adequate as long as they were neatly cut lengthwise for inclusion. The technique was also used for 2 clinical cases and revealed the complete absence of neuronal perikarya, confirming chronic EGS.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.07.0403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T19:35:31Z","timestamp":1698262531000},"page":"201-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Standing gustatory papillae biopsy procedure for antemortem diagnosis of equine grass sickness"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Qu\u00e9r\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, CHUV-Equid\u00e9s, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Volmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire V\u00e9todiag, Berville, L\u2019Oudon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Mespoulh\u00e8s-Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, CHUV-Equid\u00e9s, Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"113","article-title":"Equine dysautonomia","volume":"34","author":"McGorum BC","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGorum BC, Pirie RS. Equine dysautonomia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2018;34(1):113-125. 10.1016\/j.cveq.2017.11.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"264","article-title":"Equine grass sickness in Italy: a case series study","volume":"17","author":"Laus F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laus F, Corsalini J, Mandara MT, Bazzano M, Bertoletti A, Gialletti R. Equine grass sickness in Italy: a case series study. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17(1):264. 10.1186\/s12917-021-02966-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","series-title":"Anim Microbiome","first-page":"70","article-title":"Equine grass sickness (a multiple systems neuropathy) is associated with alterations in the gastrointestinal mycobiome","volume":"3","author":"McGorum BC","year":"2021","unstructured":"McGorum BC, Chen Z, Glendinning L, Equine grass sickness (a multiple systems neuropathy) is associated with alterations in the gastrointestinal mycobiome. 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Equine Vet J. 2016;48(6):786-791. 10.1111\/evj.12543"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.07.0403.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.07.0403.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.07.0403.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T21:56:01Z","timestamp":1727301361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.07.0403.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.07.0403","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}}}