{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T05:24:17Z","timestamp":1741411457400,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The purpose of this case study was to describe the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) under field and experimental conditions via the consumption of PRRSV-positive swine feed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>1 domestic swine breeding herd and 20 laboratory-maintained experimental domestic pigs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 2,500-sow PRRSV-na\u00efve biosecure breeding herd became infected during the autumn months. It experienced a feed outage involving a specific bin on October 23 (day 0), with the bin refilled on October 24 (day 1). From October 28 to 30 (days 5 to 7), signs of anorexia and hyperemia were observed in 30 gestating sows after consuming feed from this bin. On November 1 (day 9), blood samples from 10 affected sows were PRRSV positive by reverse transcriptase PCR. In contrast, sows in the same room that had consumed feed from other bins were clinically normal and PRRSV negative. To investigate whether the feed delivery introduced PRRSV to the herd, on November 2 (day 10) 4 samples of feed material from the interior walls of the index bin were collected and tested by reverse transcriptase PCR.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All 4 samples were positive for PRRSV RNA with cycle threshold values ranging from 26 to 29. Nucleic acid sequencing indicated that the open reading frame 5 region of the PRRSV in feed samples was 100% homologous to PRRSV from index cases. To assess viability of the virus, PRRSV-na\u00efve pigs were allowed to consume the index feed bin samples and became infected with PRRSV based on viral RNA in oral fluid samples, clinical signs, and postmortem lesions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These results suggest that feed was a likely source of PRRSV introduction to the herd. This is the first report of PRRSV transmission through feed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.08.0447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T12:44:26Z","timestamp":1697028266000},"page":"1-4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in domestic pigs via oral ingestion of feed material"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Dee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pipestone Research, Pipestone, MN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Swine Health Prod","first-page":"72","article-title":"Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers","volume":"21","author":"Holtkamp DJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holtkamp DJ, Kliebenstein JB, Neumann EJ,  Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on United States pork producers. J Swine Health Prod. 2013;21(2):72\u201384."},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"952383","article-title":"An assessment of enhanced biosecurity interventions and their impact on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus outbreaks within a managed group of farrow-to-wean farms, 2020-2021","volume":"9","author":"Havas KA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Havas KA, Brands L, Cochrane R, Spronk G, Nerem J, Dee SA. An assessment of enhanced biosecurity interventions and their impact on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus outbreaks within a managed group of farrow-to-wean farms, 2020-2021. Front Vet Sci. 2023;9:952383. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2022.952383"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"176","article-title":"An evaluation of contaminated complete feed as a vehicle for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of na\u00efve pigs following consumption via natural feeding behavior: proof of concept","volume":"10","author":"Dee S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dee S, Clement T, Schelkopf A,  An evaluation of contaminated complete feed as a vehicle for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of na\u00efve pigs following consumption via natural feeding behavior: proof of concept. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10(1):176. doi:10.1186\/s12917-014-0176-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"807","article-title":"Effects of sample handling on the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in oral fluids by reverse-transcription real-time PCR","volume":"30","author":"Weiser AC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weiser AC, Poonsuk K, Bade SA,  Effects of sample handling on the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in oral fluids by reverse-transcription real-time PCR. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2018;30(6):807\u2013812. doi:10.1177\/1040638718805534"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.08.0447.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.08.0447.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.08.0447.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:04:48Z","timestamp":1741352688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/1\/javma.23.08.0447.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.08.0447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}}}