{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:30:28Z","timestamp":1787311828073,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the imaging findings in Australian cats and dogs with CNS cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>23 cases (10 cats; 13 dogs) with CNS cryptococcosis and brain MRI or CT studies available to review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective, multi-institutional case series. Brain MRI or CT studies were reviewed by a board-certified radiologist. Imaging findings were described and the differences between cats and dogs explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Morphologic features were consistent with extra-axial lesions in all (n = 13) dogs and either intra-axial (5\/10) or extra-axial (4\/10) lesions in cats, with 1 cat having no detectable lesions in low-field brain MRI scans. Meningeal abnormalities were most common, followed by forebrain and cerebellar lesions. Intracranial MRI lesions were typically T2 hyperintense and T1 hypo- to isointense. Four cases had T2 hypointense lesions affecting the brain, sinonasal cavity, or regional lymph nodes. Intracranial CT lesions were mostly soft tissue attenuating. Contrast enhancement was present in all cases with contrast series available, with ring enhancement shown only in cats. Osteolysis was more common in dogs than cats, particularly affecting the cribriform plate. All 13 dogs and many (6\/10) cats had at least 1 lesion affecting sinonasal or contiguous tissues, and locoregional lymphadenomegaly was common (7\/10 cats; 11\/13 dogs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Imaging lesions in cryptococcal meningoencephalitis were extra-axial in dogs but could be intra-axial or extra-axial in cats. Careful examination for extracranial lesions (sinonasal, retrobulbar, facial soft tissue, tympanic bullae, or locoregional lymph nodes) is important to provide alternative safe biopsy sites. T2 hypointense lesions, while rare, should prompt consideration of cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.08.0454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T09:35:20Z","timestamp":1702546520000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Brain magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography findings in cats and dogs with central nervous system cryptococcosis in Australia: 23 cases (2009\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Else","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Specialist Services, Underwood, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Podadera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Wen","family":"Siow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Small Animal Specialist Hospital, North Ryde, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Woerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Animal Referral Hospital, Homebush West, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary F.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tebb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty, Success, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe della","family":"Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre, Glen Waverley, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Northside Veterinary Specialists, Terrey Hills, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Veterinary Education, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"357","article-title":"Clinical features and epidemiology of cryptococcosis in cats and dogs in California: 93 cases (1988-2010)","volume":"239","author":"Trivedi SR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trivedi SR, Sykes JE, Cannon MS,  Clinical features and epidemiology of cryptococcosis in cats and dogs in California: 93 cases (1988-2010). 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