{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T04:20:10Z","timestamp":1727324410397},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the clinical efficacy and plasma concentrations of levetiracetam in a goat with seizures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMAL<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 5-month-old doeling.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The goat was referred because of progressive anorexia and lethargy over 3 days. Clinical signs consisted of weakness, obtundation, opisthotonos, anisocoria, and cortical blindness. Initial evaluation was most consistent with polioencephalomalacia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Neurologic improvement occurred within 4 hours of thiamine administration, with appetite returning over 12 hours. On day 3 of hospitalization, the goat suffered acute onset repetitive seizures that were incompletely responsive to standard interventions over 3 hours. Administration of IV levetiracetam (60 mg\/kg) produced resolution of seizure activity within 20 minutes. Levetiracetam was continued twice daily IV, then PO after day 6. Plasma concentrations were above or within therapeutic ranges (5 to 45 \u03bcg\/mL) as previously established for other species, following both IV and PO levetiracetam. Oral administration (60 mg\/kg, PO, q 12 h) resulted in plasma levetiracetam concentrations of 48.1 \u03bcg\/mL 2 hours after a dose and 23.4 \u03bcg\/mL 2 hours prior to the next dose.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Levetiracetam is a newer anticonvulsant commonly used in humans and small animals due to its efficacy, cost, and wide safety margin. Its use has not previously been reported in domestic small ruminants. In this case, levetiracetam showed excellent clinical efficacy in the face of refractory seizures, with no apparent side effects. Plasma concentrations during oral administration were at the high end of the therapeutic range, indicating absorption in a nonmonogastric species. Further studies are warranted to determine optimal dosing in small ruminants.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.09.0514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T20:23:50Z","timestamp":1699043030000},"page":"1-3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Successful use of intravenous and oral levetiracetam in a goat to control refractory seizures secondary to suspected polioencephalomalacia"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Emma D.","family":"Stapley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Breuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Management of a Reeve\u2019s Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) with seizures using levetiracetam","volume":"48","author":"Blatt ER","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blatt ER, Seeley KE, Lovett MC, Junge RE. Management of a Reeve\u2019s Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) with seizures using levetiracetam. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2017;48(4):1197-1199. doi:10.1638\/2016-0282.1"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"253","article-title":"Intramuscular, intravenous and oral levetiracetam in dogs: safety and pharmacokinetics","volume":"31","author":"Patterson EE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Patterson EE, Goel V, Cloyd JC,  Intramuscular, intravenous and oral levetiracetam in dogs: safety and pharmacokinetics. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2008;31(3):253-258. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00948.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1752","article-title":"Seizure disorders in goats and sheep","volume":"30","author":"Chigerwe M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chigerwe M, Aleman M. Seizure disorders in goats and sheep. J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30(5):1752-1757. doi:10.1111\/jvim.14566"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref4","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"77","article-title":"A systematic review of the safety profile of levetiracetam: a new antiepileptic drug","volume":"47","author":"French J","year":"2001","unstructured":"French J, Edrich P, Cramer JA. A systematic review of the safety profile of levetiracetam: a new antiepileptic drug. Epilepsy Res. 2001;47(1-2):77-90. doi:10.1016\/s0920-1211(01)00296-0"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"169","article-title":"Behavioral changes under levetiracetam treatment in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Erath JR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erath JR, Nessler JN, Riese F, H\u00fcnerfauth E, Rohn K, Tipold A. Behavioral changes under levetiracetam treatment in dogs. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:169. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2020.00169"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.09.0514.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.09.0514.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.09.0514.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1727278040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/2\/javma.23.09.0514.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.09.0514","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}}}