{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1792705037090,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To highlight the use of procainamide as a potential alternative treatment modality in cases of ventricular tachycardia that are refractory to lidocaine and magnesium sulfate.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMAL<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>1 adult horse weighing 380 kg.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 25-year-old Arabian gelding presented with severe colic signs. Due to persistent pain, it was elected to carry out an exploratory laparotomy. During the procedure a diagnosis of severe, unstable ventricular tachycardia was made based on the ECG findings, with an initial heart rate of 195 beats per minute and severe hypotension.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Initial treatment consisted of discontinuing dobutamine and the administration of a 2 mg\/kg IV lidocaine bolus followed by a continuous rate infusion at 50 \u03bcg\/kg\/min. Twenty grams magnesium sulfate (5 mg\/kg) was administered IV in 1 L of lactated Ringer solution as a slow bolus over 30 minutes. Ventricular tachycardia persisted with poor peripheral pulses, a severely dampened arterial waveform, and a MAP of 30 to 45 mm Hg. Two milligrams\/kg IV procainamide was administered over 3 minutes, 3 separate times, at 5-minute intervals. Immediately following the third dose sinus rhythm was detected on the ECG, the arterial waveform improved, and MAP increased to 85 mm Hg.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ventricular tachycardia is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication in horses undergoing general anesthesia. The potential of this arrhythmia to progress to ventricular fibrillation is of grave concern, as the option to attempt to externally defibrillate horses back to normal sinus rhythm does not exist. This case highlights procainamide as a potential option for cases of ventricular tachycardia that are refractory to more standard treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.09.0535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T18:31:46Z","timestamp":1707503506000},"page":"1-3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Treatment of lidocaine-refractory ventricular tachycardia using procainamide in an anesthetized horse"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Manuel A.","family":"Fernandez-Barrientos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Ratliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Kilcoyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Current Therapy in Equine Medicine","first-page":"602","article-title":"Cardiac dysrhythmias","author":"Bowen IM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bowen IM. Cardiac dysrhythmias. In: Robinson NE, ed. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. 5th ed. Saunders; 2003:602-613. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-7216-9540-2.50173-0"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"542","article-title":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics","author":"Riviere J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riviere J, Papich M. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Wiley-Blackwell; 2018:542-543."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref3","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"409","article-title":"Resolution of sustained ventricular tachycardia in a horse presenting with colic with magnesium sulfate","volume":"35","author":"Pratt SL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pratt SL, Bowen M, Redpath A. Resolution of sustained ventricular tachycardia in a horse presenting with colic with magnesium sulfate. Equine Vet Educ. 2023;35(8):409-412. doi:10.1111\/eve.13775"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","series-title":"Am Heart J","first-page":"188","article-title":"Magnesium: nature\u2019s physiologic calcium blocker","volume":"108","author":"Iseri LT","year":"1984","unstructured":"Iseri LT, French JH. Magnesium: nature\u2019s physiologic calcium blocker. Am Heart J. 1984;108(1):188-193. doi:10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90572-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"217","article-title":"Cardiac therapeutics in horses","volume":"35","author":"Redpath A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Redpath A, Bowen M. Cardiac therapeutics in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2019;35(1):217-241. doi:10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.11.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/5\/javma.23.09.0535.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/5\/javma.23.09.0535.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/262\/5\/javma.23.09.0535.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:03:24Z","timestamp":1741352604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/262\/5\/javma.23.09.0535.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.09.0535","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}