{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:43:33Z","timestamp":1791593013663,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The data presented in this paper are derived from an in vivo study performed to characterize the nature of the synovial integration process of a 2.5% synthetic cross-linked injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5 iPAAG) injected IA in horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>10 healthy horses not suffering from OA or signs of joint disease were administered 50 or 100 mg 2.5 iPAAG in a total of 13 metacarpophalangeal or middle carpal joints.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Injected joints were examined at 0, 14, 42, and\/or 90 days postinjection. Parameters investigated included clinical examination, synoviocentesis, gross pathology, histology, and scanning electron microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All horses remained clinically normal, with no adverse events recorded throughout the study period. Gross postmortem did not reveal any significant findings. Arthrocentesis cytology parameters remained within clinically normal levels throughout the study. Synovial histology demonstrated that cellular infiltration of macrophages, villus hyperplasia, and vascularization were significantly higher in 2.5 iPAAG\u2013injected joints compared to controls. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the 2.5 iPAAG demonstrated an extensive tissue integration as a 3-D scaffolding structure with intact cross-linked strands.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results confirm that an IA injection of 2.5 iPAAG induces a typical foreign body response that is predominately macrophage driven with no evidence of fibrosis or mineralization. Integration of the gel is evident by 14 days, with no free gel remaining in the joint cavity at this time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.10.0553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T16:41:30Z","timestamp":1708533690000},"page":"649-647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Histologic and cytologic changes in normal equine joints after injection with 2.5% injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel reveal low-level macrophage-driven foreign body response"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Medical Solutions Vet, Cambridge, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh de","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Matamata Vet Services Equine, Matamata, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Idexx Laboratories, Hamilton, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Koene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierklinik Lusche Veterinary Hospital, Bakum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"619","article-title":"Pain in osteoarthritis","volume":"26","author":"van Weeren PR","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Weeren PR, de Grauw JC. 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