{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T18:22:56Z","timestamp":1778610176677,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate systemic absorption and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects of topical ketorolac 0.5% and diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solutions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>11 healthy purpose-bred Beagles. <\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either ketorolac (n = 6) or diclofenac (5), 1 drop in both eyes 4 times daily for 28 days. Upper GI endoscopy was performed on days 0 and 29 with mucosal lesion scores (0 to 7) assigned to each region evaluated. Plasma samples were collected on days 14, 21, and 28 for measurement of diclofenac and ketorolac using high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>GI erosions and\/or ulcers developed in all ketorolac-treated dogs and 1 of 5 diclofenac-treated dogs. Post-treatment mucosal lesion score for the antrum was higher in the ketorolac group than in the diclofenac group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .006) but not significantly different for any other region. Post-treatment antral mucosal lesion scores were significantly related to plasma ketorolac concentrations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Ketorolac and diclofenac were detected in the plasma at all time points (median ketorolac day 14, 191 ng\/mL; day 21, 173.5 ng\/mL; and day 28, 179.5 ng\/mL; and median diclofenac day 14, 21.1 ng\/mL; day 21, 20.6 ng\/mL; day 28, 27.5 ng\/mL). Vomiting and decreased appetite events were observed uncommonly and were not significantly different between treatment groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>GI ulceration and erosion developed after ophthalmic administration of ketorolac and diclofenac, with higher plasma concentrations and more severe GI lesions associated with ketorolac. Clients should be alerted to this potential risk with ophthalmic use and informed to watch for systemic clinical signs that would warrant veterinary reevaluation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.12.0707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T16:25:18Z","timestamp":1712334318000},"page":"940-949","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Systemic absorption and gastrointestinal adverse effects from topical ketorolac and diclofenac ophthalmic solutions in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"262","author":[{"given":"Laura R.","family":"Van Vertloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Sebbag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Allbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Allenspach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Borts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Mochel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gastroduodenal ulceration in small animals: part 1. 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