{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:34:24Z","timestamp":1791581664136,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether administration of inactivated virus or modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines to feral cats at the time of neutering induces protective serum antiviral antibody titers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201461 feral cats included in a trap-neuter-return program in Florida.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Each cat received vaccines against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpes virus (FHV), feline calicivirus (FCV), FeLV, and rabies virus (RV). Immediately on completion of surgery, vaccines that contained inactivated RV and FeLV antigens and either MLV or inactivated FPV, FHV, and FCV antigens were administered. Titers of antiviral antibodies (except those against FeLV) were assessed in serum samples obtained immediately prior to surgery and approximately 10 weeks later.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prior to vaccination, some of the cats had protective serum antibody titers against FPV (33%), FHV (21%), FCV (64%), and RV (3%). Following vaccination, the overall proportion of cats with protective serum antiviral antibody titers increased (FPV [90%], FHV [56%], FCV [93%], and RV [98%]). With the exception of the FHV vaccine, there were no differences in the proportions of cats protected with inactivated virus versus MLV vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest that exposure to FPV, FHV, and FCV is common among feral cats and that a high proportion of cats are susceptible to RV infection. Feral cats appeared to have an excellent immune response following vaccination at the time of neutering. Incorporation of vaccination into trap-neuter-return programs is likely to protect the health of individual cats and possibly reduce the disease burden in the community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.1.52","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]],"date-time":"2007-01-02T19:28:50Z","timestamp":1167766130000},"page":"52-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Response of feral cats to vaccination at the time of neutering"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"230","author":[{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassie M.","family":"Quest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Dubovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolan D.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia J.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Friary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Cynda","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri A.","family":"Ricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations","volume":"225","author":"Levy","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"2005\/2006 national pet owners survey","first-page":"80","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"202","article-title":"Number of unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United States and characteristics of community residents who feed them","volume":"223","author":"Levy","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1377","article-title":"The welfare of feral cats and wildlife","volume":"225","author":"Jessup","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1361","article-title":"Analyzing approaches to feral cat management\u2014one size does not fit all","volume":"225","author":"Stoskopf","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Trap-neuter-release programs: the reality and the impacts","volume":"225","author":"Winter","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Understanding issues and solutions for unowned, free-roaming cat populations","volume":"225","author":"Slater","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"279","article-title":"Population characteristics of feral cats admitted to seven trap-neuter-return programs in the United States","volume":"8","author":"Wallace","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"42","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of a long-term trap-neuter-return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population","volume":"222","author":"Levy","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Minerva Anestesiol","first-page":"385","article-title":"Infectious diseases of childhood and their anesthetic implications","volume":"71","author":"Pietrini","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Immunoprophylaxis","author":"Greene","year":"2006"},{"issue":"(RR-2)","key":"ref12","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"General recommendations on immunization. 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