{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:15:10Z","timestamp":1778922910882,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate signalment, history, clinical and pathologic findings, and seasonal weather patterns in association with fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014152 goats that were &gt; 1 day of age.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Characteristics including age and counts of coccidia oocysts and trichostrongyle ova (eggs) per gram of feces (EPG) in goats that died because of gastrointestinal parasitism and goats that died because of other causes were compared. Weather data and annual incidence of caprine fatal gastrointestinal parasitism were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Death was attributed to gastrointestinal parasitism in 31 of 152 (20%) goats (median age, 5 months; range, 1 month to 7 years); deaths were attributed to coccidiosis (n = 7 goats; median age, 4 months; median EPG, 2,225), trichostrongylosis (6 goats; median age, 1.25 years; median EPG, 3,700), or dual infection (18 goats; median age, 6.7 months; median EPG, 8,088 coccidia and 5,475 trichostrongyles). Sudden onset of weakness or death was a common historical finding; diarrhea was evident in 15 goats. Common postmortem findings in these goats included cachexia, tissue pallor, poorly formed feces, and mesenteric lymphadenomegaly. Wet weather in spring and summer was associated with increased annual incidence of fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Gastrointestinal parasitism is an important cause of death in goats. Clinical signs may not develop until just prior to death, and diagnosis is achieved via parasitologic evaluation of feces and necropsy. Seasonal weather patterns should be considered on an annual basis when designing parasite control programs for goats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.7.1098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,31]],"date-time":"2007-10-31T09:26:33Z","timestamp":1193822793000},"page":"1098-1103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fatal gastrointestinal parasitism in goats: 31 cases (2001\u20132006)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Valentine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cebra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George H.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"655","article-title":"Coccidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and goats","volume":"6","author":"Foreyt","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"435","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants","volume":"20","author":"Fleming","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Goat medicine","first-page":"275","article-title":"Digestive system","author":"Smith","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Sheep and goat medicine","first-page":"69","article-title":"Diseases of the gastrointestinal system","author":"Navarre","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"231","article-title":"Internal parasite control strategies","volume":"17","author":"Pugh","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Survey of parasites in dairy goats","volume":"39","author":"Lloyd","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"347","article-title":"Balicka-Ramisz A. Studies on coccidiosis in goats in Poland","volume":"81","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"279","article-title":"Coccidia of the domestic goat Capra hircus, with notes on Eimeria ovinoidalis and E bakuensis (syn. E ovina) from the sheep Ovis aries","volume":"92","author":"Norton","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"45","article-title":"Parasitic helminthes of veterinary importance in cattle, sheep and goats on communal farms in the northeastern Free State, South Africa","volume":"74","author":"Tsotetsi","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"131","article-title":"Haemonchus contortus: parasite problem no. 1 from tropics\u2014polar circle. Problems and prospects for control based on epidemiology","volume":"22","author":"Waller","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Res","first-page":"531","article-title":"Control of gastrointestinal parasitism with nematodes in dairy goats by treating the host category at risk","volume":"33","author":"Hoste","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res","first-page":"257","article-title":"The point prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in calves, sheep and goats in Magadi division, south-western Kenya","volume":"71","author":"Maichomo","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Point V\u00e9t","first-page":"69","article-title":"R\u00e9sistance des ch\u00e8vres aux strongylosis gastrointestinales: differences avec les moutons","volume":"29","author":"Hoste","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"181","article-title":"Le Jambre LF, Royal WM. A comparison of worm burdens in grazing merino sheep and angora goats","volume":"52","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"47","article-title":"Natural evolution of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats (Capra hircus) in the semi-arid ecosystem of the Paraiba backwoods, northeastern Brazil","volume":"80","author":"Silva","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"91","article-title":"el-Azazy OM. Seasonal changes and inhibited development of the abomasal nematodes of sheep and goats in Saudi Arabia","volume":"59","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"137","article-title":"Dry areas: an example of seasonal evolution of helminth infection of sheep and goats in southern Mauritania","volume":"56","author":"Jacquiet","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"317","article-title":"Seasonal incidence of helminths in sheep and goats in south Mozambique","volume":"11","author":"Specht","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"239","article-title":"A survey of seasonal changes in nematode faecal egg count levels of sheep and goats in Senegal","volume":"13","author":"Vercruysse","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res","first-page":"167","article-title":"The relation of climate and topography to gastro-intestinal nematode worm egg counts of Angora goats in the Eastern Cape","volume":"53","author":"McCulloch","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Helminthol","first-page":"263","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the populations of infective larvae on pasture and the numbers of nematode eggs in the faeces of farmed goats","volume":"64","author":"Rahman","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res","first-page":"101","article-title":"The impact of traditional management on seasonal internal parasite burdens and productivity of indigenous Tswana goats in southern Botswana","volume":"68","author":"Nsoso","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Helminthol","first-page":"329","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonal changes in the gastro-intestinal helminthes of Nigerian goats","volume":"70","author":"Nwosu","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"33","article-title":"Epidemiology of parasitic gastrointestinal nematode infections of ruminants on smallholder farms in central Kenya","volume":"70","author":"Nginyi","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"163","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the numbers of trichostrongylid nematode eggs and their larvae in the faeces of farmed goats in Malaysia","volume":"43","author":"Rahman","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"335","article-title":"Schillhorn van Veen TW. Methods for diagnosis of parasitism in small ruminants","volume":"2","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"355","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of nematodes and cestodes in small ruminants. Northern United States","volume":"2","author":"Herd","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"363","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of nematodes and cestodes in small ruminants. Western United States","volume":"2","author":"Wescott","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"367","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal nematodes and cestodes in small ruminants. Southern United States","volume":"2","author":"Craig","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Appl Parasitol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Coccidiosis of domestic ruminants","volume":"35","author":"Taylor","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"389","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of coccidia in goats","volume":"2","author":"Craig","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"495","article-title":"Evaluation of prevalence and clinical implications of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in goats","volume":"223","author":"Mortensen","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"163","article-title":"Multiple anthelmintic resistance in a goat herd","volume":"87","author":"Zajac","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"224","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of goats","volume":"62","author":"Barton","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr","first-page":"49","article-title":"Multispecific resistance of trichostrongyles to benzimidazoles in a goat herd in Germany","volume":"108","author":"Bauer","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"177","article-title":"de la Fuente C, Cuquerella M, Carrera L, et al. Effect of subclinical coccidiosis in kids on subsequent trichostrongylid infection after weaning","volume":"45","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"235","article-title":"Effect of subclinical Eimeria species infections in tropical goats subsequently challenged with caprine Haemonchus contortus","volume":"134","author":"Rahman","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Veterinary parasitology reference manual","first-page":"4","article-title":"Foreyt WJ","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"135","article-title":"Identification of helminths in ruminants at necropsy","volume":"55","author":"Reinecke","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interpretation of basic gross pathologic changes of the digestive tract","volume":"16","author":"Helman","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"137","article-title":"Faecal egg counts are representative of digestive-tract strongyle worm burdens in sheep and goats","volume":"5","author":"Cabaret","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/231\/7\/javma.231.7.1098.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/231\/7\/javma.231.7.1098.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/231\/7\/javma.231.7.1098.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:06:24Z","timestamp":1741356384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/231\/7\/javma.231.7.1098.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.231.7.1098","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]]}}}