{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T23:44:37Z","timestamp":1771631077713,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To assess ophthalmologic features and ocular lesions in red-tailed hawks and Cooper's hawks naturally infected with West Nile virus (WNV).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Original study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201413 hawks.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014All hawks underwent complete ophthalmic examinations including slit lamp biomicroscopy and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Eleven hawks were euthanized because of a grave prognosis; complete necropsies were performed. Eyes, brain, heart, and kidneys were processed for histologic and immunohistochemical examinations. Pooled tissue homogenates and aqueous humor samples were assessed for WNV nucleic acid via PCR assay, and anti-WNV antibody titers in aqueous humor and plasma were determined.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All birds had similar funduscopic abnormalities including exudative chorioretinal lesions and chorioretinal scarring in a geographic or linear pattern. Eleven birds were euthanized, and 2 birds were released. Plasma from both released hawks and plasma and aqueous humor of all euthanized hawks that were evaluated contained anti-WNV antibodies. Except for 1 hawk, all euthanized hawks had WNV-associated disease (determined via detection of WNV antigen or nucleic acid in at least 1 organ). Histopathologic ocular abnormalities, most commonly pectenitis, were detected in all euthanized birds; several birds had segmental choroiditis, often with corresponding segmental retinal atrophy. West Nile virus antigen was detected in the retinas of 9 of the euthanized birds. In 2 hawks, WNV antigen was detected in the retina only.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that funduscopically detectable chorioretinal lesions appear to be associated with WNV disease in hawks. Detection of ocular lesions may aid in antemortem or postmortem diagnosis of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.8.1240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,15]],"date-time":"2007-10-15T14:30:48Z","timestamp":1192458648000},"page":"1240-1248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Ophthalmologic and oculopathologic findings in red-tailed hawks and Cooper's hawks with naturally acquired West Nile virus infection"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Pauli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Cruz-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia B.","family":"Ponder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick T.","family":"Redig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gia","family":"Klauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James V.","family":"Schoster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"W\u00fcnschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Avian Dis","first-page":"602","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic features of West Nile virus infection in native North American owls (family Strigidae)","volume":"47","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Emerg Infect 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species","volume":"42","author":"Nemeth","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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