{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:40:43Z","timestamp":1792096843327,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\nObjective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine current management practices used by white-tailed deer farms in Pennsylvania and identify animal health problems that exist in these herds.<\/jats:p>\nDesign<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\nStudy Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014Owners and managers of 233 farms in Pennsylvania that raised white-tailed deer.<\/jats:p>\nProcedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to participants.<\/jats:p>\nResults<\/jats:bold>\u2014Herds ranged in size from 1 to 350 deer. Land holdings ranged from 0.07 to 607 hectares (0.17 to 1,500 acres). Stocking density ranged from 0.1 to 118.6 deer\/hectare (0.04 to 48 deer\/acre). Most (84%) respondents raised deer for breeding or hunting stock; 13% raised deer exclusively as pets or for hobby purposes, and purpose varied by herd size. Multiple associations were identified between management or disease factors and herd size. The use of vaccines, use of veterinary and diagnostic services, use of pasture, and use of artificial insemination increased as herd size increased. The most common conditions in herds of all sizes were respiratory tract disease, diarrhea, parasitism, and sudden death. The prevalence of respiratory tract disease increased as herd size increased.<\/jats:p>\nConclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that many aspects of herd management for white-tailed deer farms in Pennsylvania were associated with herd size, but that regardless of herd size, many preventive medicine practices were improperly used or underused in many herds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.1.98","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T21:52:39Z","timestamp":1199224359000},"page":"98-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Management practices used by white-tailed deer farms in Pennsylvania and herd health problems"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhushan M.","family":"Jayarao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"334","article-title":"Disease and mortality on red deer farms in New Zealand","volume":"148","author":"Audig\u00e9","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"925","article-title":"A retrospective study of neonatal mortality in farmed elk","volume":"42","author":"Pople","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1108","article-title":"A retrospective study of the causes of morbidity and mortality in farmed elk (Cervus elaphus)","volume":"46","author":"Woodbury","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Wildl Manage","first-page":"698","article-title":"Winter severity, survival, and cause-specific mortality of female white-tailed deer in north-central Minnesota","volume":"66","author":"DelGiudice","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Can J Zool","first-page":"581","article-title":"Survival of whitetailed deer in intensively farmed areas of Illinois","volume":"79","author":"Nixon","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Wildl Manage","first-page":"903","article-title":"Mortality patterns of white-tailed deer in Michigan's upper peninsula","volume":"61","author":"Van Deelen","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Wildl Manage","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Survival and causespecific mortality rates of adult white-tailed deer in New Brunswick","volume":"62","author":"Whitlaw","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Res","first-page":"295","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of captive cervid herds in Michigan, USA","volume":"28","author":"Bruning-Fann","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"413","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of reproductive indices and fawn mortality in farmed white-tailed deer","volume":"46","author":"Haigh","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"507","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of the causes of morbidity and mortality in farmed white-tailed deer","volume":"46","author":"Haigh","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"515","article-title":"A retrospective study of mortality in Pennsylvania captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): 2000\u20132003","volume":"16","author":"Hattel","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Handbook of survey research","first-page":"359","article-title":"Mail and other self-administered questionnaires","author":"Dillman","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Current veterinary therapy 4: food animal practice","first-page":"73","article-title":"Ovine production medicine","author":"Bulgin","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract","first-page":"451","article-title":"Endoparasite control","volume":"22","author":"Ballweber","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Dairy Sci","first-page":"2297","article-title":"Opinions and practices of Wisconsin dairy producers about biosecurity and animal well-being","volume":"98","author":"Hoe","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"185","article-title":"Biosecurity practices of beef cow-calf producers","volume":"217","author":"Sanderson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"S330","article-title":"Marketing health management to food animal enterprises. Part II: the structure of herd health management services","volume":"8","author":"Stein","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Deer farming: a practical guide to German techniques","first-page":"64","author":"Reinken","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Deer farming: guidelines on practical aspects","first-page":"26","author":"Vos","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"102","article-title":"Modern deer farm management","volume":"164","author":"Yerex","year":"1990"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"ref21","series-title":"Vet Res Commun","first-page":"65","article-title":"Wild ungulate farming systems and product quality","volume":"29","author":"Piasentier","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/232\/1\/javma.232.1.98.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/232\/1\/javma.232.1.98.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/232\/1\/javma.232.1.98.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1741355606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/232\/1\/javma.232.1.98.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.232.1.98","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]}}}