{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T02:43:05Z","timestamp":1782355385519,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcome in dogs and cats evaluated after submersion in freshwater.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201425 dogs and 3 cats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records were reviewed for signalment; causes, location, and month of submersion; physical examination findings at admission; results of blood gas analysis; treatments administered; duration of hospitalization; and outcome, including evidence of organ failure or compromise.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All submersions involved bodies of freshwater. Fourteen animals were submerged in man-made water sources, 13 were submerged in natural water sources, and the body of water was not recorded in 1 case. Twenty (71%) submersions occurred from May through September. Cause was identified in 16 animals and included extraordinary circumstances (n = 6), falling into water (5), breaking through ice (3), and intentional submersion (2). Twelve animals were found submerged in water with unclear surrounding circumstances. Treatment included administration of supplemental oxygen, antimicrobials, furosemide, corticosteroids, and aminophylline and assisted ventilation. Respiratory dysfunction was detected in 21 animals. Neurologic dysfunction was detected in 12 animals, hepatocellular compromise was detected in 6 animals, and cardiovascular dysfunction was detected in 4 animals. Three dogs had hematologic dysfunction, and 2 dogs had acute renal dysfunction. Eighteen (64%) animals survived to hospital discharge, but all of the cats died. In 9 of 10 nonsurvivors, respiratory tract failure was the cause of death or reason for euthanasia.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggest that submersion is an uncommon reason for veterinary evaluation but is associated with a good prognosis in dogs in the absence of respiratory tract failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.2.244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,15]],"date-time":"2008-01-15T14:07:35Z","timestamp":1200406055000},"page":"244-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evaluation of freshwater submersion in small animals: 28 cases (1996\u20132006)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Geoff G.","family":"Heffner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Rozanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Beal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Boysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Adamantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Resuscitation","first-page":"251","article-title":"Submersion: a review of epidemiology, pathology, treatment and prevention","volume":"63","author":"Salomez","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am","first-page":"357","article-title":"Submersion","volume":"22","author":"Olshaker","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol","first-page":"382","article-title":"Acute renal impairment after immersion and near-drowning","volume":"10","author":"Spicer","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"896","article-title":"Pneumonia associated with near-drowning","volume":"25","author":"Ender","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"565","article-title":"Acute pulmonary edema due to neardrowning in fresh water; 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Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest","volume":"346","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Resuscitation","first-page":"247","article-title":"Impact of age, submersion time and water temperature on outcome in near-drowning","volume":"52","author":"Suominen","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","article-title":"Pool fencing for preventing drowning in children","volume":"2","author":"Thompson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"S402","article-title":"Submersion and asphyxial injury","volume":"30","author":"Isben","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/232\/2\/javma.232.2.244.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/232\/2\/javma.232.2.244.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/232\/2\/javma.232.2.244.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:31:05Z","timestamp":1741354265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/232\/2\/javma.232.2.244.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,15]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.232.2.244","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,15]]}}}