{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:40:18Z","timestamp":1782492018258,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014An 11-year-old 72-kg (158-lb) sexually intact female alpaca was examined for diagnosis and treatment of hematuria of 4 months' duration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Pigmenturia was detected by the owner when the alpaca was 8 months pregnant. Radiographic, ultrasonographic, vaginal speculum, and cystoscopic evaluation of the urinary tract revealed normal vaginal and urethral epithelia and increased bladder vessel tortuosity, with pulses of hemorrhage from the left ureter. Regenerative anemia and mild leukopenia were detected and serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were within reference ranges.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Chronic hematuria resolved after unilateral nephrectomy of the left kidney, and no dysfunction was detected in the remaining kidney. Histologic evaluation of the kidney revealed a transitional cell tumor in the renal pelvis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Although anemia is common in South American camelids, hematuria is an uncommon sign of this condition. Chronic urinary tract infection, toxin ingestion, and neoplasia causing hematuria or hemoglobinuria should be considered in South American camelids with pigmenturia. Thorough and systematic evaluation of the urinary tract should be performed to locate the site of hemorrhage to treat hematuria appropriately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.8.1206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,15]],"date-time":"2008-04-15T14:14:53Z","timestamp":1208268893000},"page":"1206-1209","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Hematuria and transitional cell papilloma of the renal pelvis treated via unilateral nephrectomy in an alpaca"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"232","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Gerspach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce L.","family":"Hull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Michael","family":"Rings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian L.","family":"Beamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A. E.","family":"Hubbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lakritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Medicine and surgery of South American camelids","first-page":"69","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis: examination and procedures","author":"Fowler","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Small animal diagnostic ultrasound","first-page":"158","article-title":"Urinary tract","author":"Nyland","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"497","article-title":"Unilateral nephrectomy in a juvenile llama","volume":"26","author":"Van Hoogmoed","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1170","article-title":"An Eperythrozoon-like parasite in 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