{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:53:53Z","timestamp":1790420033800,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.1.63","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T13:27:59Z","timestamp":1214918879000},"page":"63-72","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Anthrax"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Sean V.","family":"Shadomy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Med Classics","first-page":"787","article-title":"The aetiology of anthrax based on the ontogeny of the anthrax bacillus","volume":"2","author":"Koch","year":"1937"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind","first-page":"49","article-title":"The effects of different carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth of virulent anthrax strains","volume":"9","author":"Sterne","year":"1937"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res","first-page":"307","article-title":"The use of anthrax vaccines prepared from avirulent (unencapsulated) variants of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"12","author":"Sterne","year":"1939"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Topley and Wilson's microbiology and microbial infection","first-page":"799","article-title":"Anthrax","author":"Quinn","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"291","article-title":"Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis","volume":"49","author":"Green","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Hyg (Lond)","first-page":"114","article-title":"Studies on a lysogenic Bacillus strain. I. A bacteriophage specific for Bacillus anthracis","volume":"49","author":"McCloy","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"254","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis on Gruinard Island","volume":"294","author":"Manchee","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Salisbury Med Suppl","first-page":"19","article-title":"The ecology of anthrax in Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"68(suppl)","author":"De Vos","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Appl Bacteriol","first-page":"269","article-title":"Factors affecting the germination of spores of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"62","author":"Titball","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"The comprehensive sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins","first-page":"243","article-title":"The bifactorial Bacillus anthracis lethal and oedema toxins","author":"Leppla","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals","first-page":"57","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis","author":"Weiner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"1853","article-title":"Oligomerization of anthrax toxin protective antigen and binding of lethal factor during endocytic uptake into mammalian cells","volume":"67","author":"Singh","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol","first-page":"19","article-title":"The roles of anthrax toxin in pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Moayeri","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"869","article-title":"Observations on experimental anthrax: demonstration of a specific lethal factor produced in vivo by Bacillus anthracis","volume":"173","author":"Smith","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Gen Microbiol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Purification of factor I and recognition of a third factor of the anthrax toxin","volume":"26","author":"Stanley","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"2263","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of the Bacillus anthracis edema factor toxin gene: a calmodulindependent adenylate cyclase","volume":"170","author":"Tippetts","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4432","article-title":"Anthrax edema toxin differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 by increasing intracellular cyclic AMP","volume":"62","author":"Hoover","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Protein Phosphorylation Res","first-page":"189","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with eucaryotic cells","volume":"17","author":"Leppla","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"306","article-title":"Effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils","volume":"47","author":"O'Brien","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"670","article-title":"Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin induces TNF-alpha-independent hypoxia-mediated toxicity in mice","volume":"112","author":"Moayeri","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"1274","article-title":"Rapid lethal effect in rats of a third component found upon fractionating the toxin of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"83","author":"Beall","year":"1962"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"85","article-title":"Neurological and physiological responses of the primate to anthrax toxin","volume":"118","author":"Vick","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"919","article-title":"In vivo-produced anthrax toxin","volume":"95","author":"Fish","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"747","article-title":"Cutting edge: anthrax lethal toxin inhibits activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"172","author":"Dang","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Science","first-page":"734","article-title":"Proteolytic inactivation of MAP-kinase-kinase by anthrax lethal factor","volume":"280","author":"Duesbery","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2048","article-title":"Macrophage apoptosis by anthrax lethal factor through p38 MAP kinase inhibition","volume":"297","author":"Park","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"7123","article-title":"Macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process","volume":"261","author":"Friedlander","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Mol Med","first-page":"7","article-title":"Role of macrophage oxidative burst in the action of anthrax lethal toxin","volume":"1","author":"Hanna","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"5029","article-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin impairs innate immune functions of alveolar macrophages and facilitates Bacillus anthracis survival","volume":"74","author":"Ribot","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Cell Microbiol","first-page":"453","article-title":"Early Bacillus anthracis macrophage interactions: intracellular survival and escape","volume":"2","author":"Dixon","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"6155","article-title":"Anthrax lethal toxin has direct and potent inhibitory effects on B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production","volume":"176","author":"Fang","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"8275","article-title":"Direct inhibition of T-lymphocyte activation by anthrax toxins in vivo","volume":"73","author":"Comer","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Exp Med","first-page":"325","article-title":"Anthrax toxins suppress T lymphocyte activation by disrupting antigen receptor signaling","volume":"201","author":"Paccani","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"7495","article-title":"Murine macrophages kill the vegetative form of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"73","author":"Kang","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Ecology of anthrax","volume":"172","author":"Van Ness","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"295","article-title":"The ecology of anthrax spores: tough but not invincible","volume":"36","author":"Dragon","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"256","article-title":"Investigation, control and epizootology of anthrax in a geographically isolated, free-roaming bison population in northern Canada","volume":"59","author":"Gates","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"1610","article-title":"Natural dissemination of Bacillus anthracis spores in northern Canada","volume":"71","author":"Dragon","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"359","article-title":"Anthrax and wildlife","volume":"21","author":"Hugh-Jones","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Vet Med","first-page":"13","article-title":"Some observations on the tenacity of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"42","author":"Stein","year":"1947"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"228","article-title":"An anthrax outbreak in Berkshire","volume":"94","author":"Hugh-Jones","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref42","series-title":"Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser","first-page":"9S","article-title":"The monitoring and detection of Bacillus anthracis in the environment","volume":"20","author":"Titball","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref43","series-title":"Diseases transmitted from animals to man","first-page":"82","article-title":"Anthrax","author":"Stein","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref44","series-title":"Fed Proc","first-page":"1496","article-title":"Epidemiology of anthrax in wild animals and the control of anthrax epizootics in the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"26","author":"Pienaar","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref45","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"1859","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of Bacillus anthracis by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes taeniorhynchus)","volume":"55","author":"Turell","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref46","series-title":"Guidelines for the surveillance and control of anthrax in humans and animals","author":"Turnbull","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref47","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","first-page":"189","article-title":"1996\u201397 global anthrax report","volume":"87","author":"Hugh-Jones","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref48","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"113","article-title":"Massive outbreak of anthrax in wildlife in the Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Zimbabwe","volume":"160","author":"Clegg","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref49","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"PRO\/AH\/EDR Anthrax, bovine\u2014USA (ND). ProMED-mail 2006; 26 Jun: 200606261775"},{"key":"ref51","series-title":"Bacteriol Rev","first-page":"646","article-title":"Industrial inhalation anthrax","volume":"30","author":"Brachman","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref52","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"429","article-title":"Anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent","volume":"158","author":"Pile","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref53","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"677","article-title":"Human anthrax associated with an epizootic among livestock\u2014North Dakota, 2000","volume":"50","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref54","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Epidemiologic response to anthrax outbreaks: field investigations, 1950\u20132001","volume":"8","author":"Bales","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref55","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"806","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: 1992\u20132002","volume":"77","author":"Peck","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref56","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo","first-page":"25","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax in Lima: retrospective analysis of 71 cases, including four with a meningoencephalic complication","volume":"47","author":"Maguina","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref57","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","volume":"49","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref58","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"280","article-title":"Inhalation anthrax associated with dried animal hides\u2014 Pennsylvania and New York City, 2006","volume":"55","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref59","series-title":"MMWR","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax acquired from imported Haitian drums\u2014Florida","volume":"23","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Probable human anthrax death in Scotland. Eurosurveillance [serial online] 2006;11(33):pii=3025"},{"key":"ref61","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"83","article-title":"Inhalation anthrax","volume":"353","author":"Brachman","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref62","series-title":"Hum Pathol","first-page":"594","article-title":"Inhalation anthrax in a home craftsman","volume":"9","author":"Suffin","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref63","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"A fatal case of pulmonary anthrax","volume":"1","author":"Severn","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref64","series-title":"Biosecur Bioterror","first-page":"281","article-title":"Risk of occupationally acquired illnesses from biological threat agents in unvaccinated laboratory workers","volume":"2","author":"Rusnak","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref65","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","article-title":"Update: cutaneous anthrax in a laboratory worker\u2013Texas, 2002","volume":"51","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref66","series-title":"Emerging diseases of animals","first-page":"23","article-title":"Agroterrorism, biological crimes, and biological warfare targeting animal agriculture","author":"Wilson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref67","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"40","article-title":"Biological terrorism against animals and humans: a brief review and primer for action","volume":"221","author":"Noah","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref68","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"2236","article-title":"Anthrax as a biological weapon, 2002: updated recommendations for management","volume":"287","author":"Inglesby","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref69","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings","volume":"8","author":"Jernigan","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref70","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"479","article-title":"Information on which to base assessments of risk from environments contaminated with anthrax spores","volume":"113","author":"Watson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref71","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"446","article-title":"Anthrax in Louisiana, 1971: epizootological study","volume":"163","author":"Fox","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref72","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"327","article-title":"An epizootiologic study of anthrax in Falls County, Texas","volume":"170","author":"Fox","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref73","series-title":"Fed Proc","first-page":"1518","article-title":"Pathology of anthrax infection in animal hosts","volume":"26","author":"Gleiser","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref74","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"815","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"341","author":"Dixon","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref75","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"48","article-title":"Risk factors for human anthrax among contacts of anthrax-infected livestock in Kazakhstan","volume":"71","author":"Woods","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref76","series-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med","first-page":"387","article-title":"Anthrax; a report of one hundred seventeen cases","volume":"96","author":"Gold","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref77","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"869","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and coagulopathy in a 7-month-old infant","volume":"287","author":"Freedman","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref78","series-title":"J Lab Clin Med","first-page":"95","article-title":"Analysis of epidermal entry in experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis infections in mice","volume":"146","author":"Hahn","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref79","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"766","article-title":"Cutaneous anthrax management algorithm","volume":"47","author":"Carucci","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref80","series-title":"Dermatol Clin","first-page":"247","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"22","author":"Wenner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref81","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"258","article-title":"Anthrax in adults and children: a review of 132 cases in Turkey","volume":"21","author":"Kaya","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref82","series-title":"J Hyg (Lond)","first-page":"359","article-title":"Studies on respiratory infection. I. The influence of particle size on respiratory infection with anthrax spores","volume":"51","author":"Druett","year":"1953"},{"key":"ref83","series-title":"J Path Bact","first-page":"485","article-title":"The pathogenesis of anthrax following the administration of spores by the respiratory route","volume":"73","author":"Ross","year":"1957"},{"key":"ref84","series-title":"Mol Microbiol","first-page":"9","article-title":"Germination of Bacillus anthracis spores within alveolar macrophages","volume":"31","author":"Guidi-Rontani","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref85","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"2291","article-title":"Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979","volume":"90","author":"Abramova","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref86","series-title":"Lab Invest","first-page":"691","article-title":"Pathology of experimental inhalation anthrax in the rhesus monkey","volume":"73","author":"Fritz","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref87","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1202","article-title":"The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979","volume":"266","author":"Meselson","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref88","series-title":"J Hyg (Lond)","first-page":"28","article-title":"Observations on the prophylaxis of experimental pulmonary anthrax in the monkey","volume":"54","author":"Henderson","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref89","series-title":"Br J Exp Pathol","first-page":"416","article-title":"Pathology of experimental respiratory anthrax in Macaca mulatta","volume":"44","author":"Gleiser","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref90","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"4801","article-title":"Murine model of pulmonary anthrax: kinetics of dissemination, histopathology, and mouse strain susceptibility","volume":"72","author":"Lyons","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref91","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Postexposure prophylaxis against experimental inhalation anthrax","volume":"167","author":"Friedlander","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref92","series-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita","first-page":"205","article-title":"An outbreak of human gastrointestinal anthrax","volume":"20","author":"Ndyabahinduka","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref93","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"An epidemic of human anthrax\u2014a study","volume":"35","author":"Lakshmi","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref94","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"144","article-title":"Outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with Bacillus anthracis","volume":"33","author":"Sirisanthana","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref95","series-title":"Arch Intern Med","first-page":"2527","article-title":"Gastrointestinal anthrax: review of the literature","volume":"163","author":"Beatty","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref96","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"520","article-title":"Endemic gastrointestinal anthrax in 1960s Lebanon: clinical manifestations and surgical findings","volume":"9","author":"Kanafani","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref97","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"649","article-title":"Anthrax of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"8","author":"Sirisanthana","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref98","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"327","article-title":"Anthrax meningoencephalitis","volume":"59","author":"Lanska","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref99","series-title":"Ann Intern Med","first-page":"270","article-title":"Systematic review: a century of inhalational anthrax cases from 1900 to 2005","volume":"144","author":"Holty","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref100","series-title":"Current veterinary therapy 4: food animal practice","first-page":"381","article-title":"Anthrax","author":"Mosier","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref101","series-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol","first-page":"181","article-title":"Comparison of PCR, culture and microscopy of blood smears for the diagnosis of anthrax in sheep and cattle","volume":"43","author":"Berg","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref102","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"34","article-title":"Specific identification of Bacillus anthracis by means of a variant bacteriophage","volume":"96","author":"Brown","year":"1955"},{"key":"ref103","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Evaluation and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"8","author":"Hoffmaster","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref104","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"547","article-title":"Direct detection of Bacillus anthracis DNA in animals by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"31","author":"Makino","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref105","series-title":"J Appl Microbiol","first-page":"728","article-title":"Rapid and effective detection of anthrax spores in soil by PCR","volume":"95","author":"Cheun","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref106","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"220","article-title":"Specificity of an immunochromatographic test for anthrax","volume":"82","author":"Muller","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref107","series-title":"Scand J Infect Dis","first-page":"564","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis in an endemic area","volume":"34","author":"Bakici","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref108","series-title":"Scand J Infect Dis","first-page":"333","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"23","author":"Doganay","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref109","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3626","article-title":"MICs of selected antibiotics for Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mycoides from a range of clinical and environmental sources as determined by the Etest","volume":"42","author":"Turnbull","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref110","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"555","article-title":"Susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis to 24 antimicrobials using Sensititre(R) automated microbroth dilution and Etest(R) agar gradient diffusion methods","volume":"60","author":"Luna","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref111","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"2307","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibilities of 96 isolates of Bacillus anthracis isolated in France between 1994 and 2000","volume":"46","author":"Cavallo","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref112","series-title":"Salisbury Med Bull","first-page":"95","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"68(suppl)","author":"Lightfoot","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref113","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1902","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Bacillus anthracis: comparison of results obtained by using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth microdilution reference and Etest agar gradient diffusion methods","volume":"40","author":"Mohammed","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref114","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"823","article-title":"B-lactamase genes of the penicillin-susceptible Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain","volume":"185","author":"Chen","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref115","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"296","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in anthrax","volume":"124","author":"Bailey","year":"1954"},{"key":"ref116","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"3843","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities of diverse Bacillus anthracis isolates","volume":"46","author":"Coker","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref117","series-title":"Sixteenth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100\u2013S16","article-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref118","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"825","article-title":"Disposition of penicillin G after administration of benzathine penicillin G, or a combination of benzathine penicillin G and procaine penicillin G in cattle","volume":"55","author":"Papich","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref119","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Serum concentration of penicillin in the horse after repeated intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G alone or in combination with benzathine penicillin and\/or phenylbutazone","volume":"45","author":"Sullins","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref120","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"759","article-title":"Successful treatment of rhesus monkeys for septicemic anthrax","volume":"10","author":"Lincoln","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref121","series-title":"Fed Proc","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Treatment of anthrax","volume":"26","author":"Gold","year":"1967"},{"key":"ref122","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"305","article-title":"Anthrax; response to terramycin therapy","volume":"122","author":"Bailey","year":"1953"},{"key":"ref123","series-title":"AAPS J","first-page":"E272","article-title":"Postexposure management and treatment of anthrax in dogs\u2014executive councils of the American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics and the American College of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"7","author":"Langston","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref124","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"4167","article-title":"Formaldehyde solution effectively inactivates spores of Bacillus anthracis on the Scottish island of Gruinard","volume":"60","author":"Manchee","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref125","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"245","article-title":"Emergency response planning for anthrax outbreaks in bison herds of northern Canada: a balance between policy and science","volume":"969","author":"Nishi","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref126","series-title":"Veterinary medicine","first-page":"671","article-title":"Diseases caused by bacteria\u2014I: diseases caused by Bacillus spp","author":"Radostits","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref127","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"623","article-title":"Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores","volume":"9","author":"Spotts Whitney","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref128","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"909","article-title":"Update: investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax and interim guidelines for exposure management and antimicrobial therapy, October 2001","volume":"50","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref129","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"968","article-title":"A case of naturally acquired inhalation anthrax: clinical care and analyses of anti-protective antigen immunoglobulin G and lethal factor","volume":"44","author":"Walsh","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref130","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"71","article-title":"Treatment of anthrax in man: history and current concepts","volume":"151","author":"Knudson","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref131","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"5171","article-title":"Passive protection by polyclonal antibodies against Bacillus anthracis infection in guinea pigs","volume":"65","author":"Little","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref132","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"544","article-title":"Efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with Bacillus anthracis spores by passive protection","volume":"70","author":"Kobiler","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref133","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"5042","article-title":"mAbs to Bacillus anthracis capsular antigen for immunoprotection in anthrax and detection of antigenemia","volume":"101","author":"Kozel","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref134","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"625","article-title":"Efficient neutralization of anthrax toxin by chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies against protective antigen","volume":"193","author":"Chen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref135","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"12","article-title":"A phase 1 study of PAmAb, a fully human monoclonal antibody against Bacillus anthracis protective antigen, in healthy volunteers","volume":"41","author":"Subramanian","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref136","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"129","article-title":"Countering anthrax: vaccines and immunoglobulins","volume":"46","author":"Grabenstein","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref137","series-title":"Nat Biotechnol","first-page":"1305","article-title":"Human antibodies from immunized donors are protective against anthrax toxin in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Wild","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref138","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Use of anthrax vaccine in response to terrorism: supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"51","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref139","article-title":"Anthrax: exposure management\/prophylaxis"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/1\/javma.233.1.63.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/1\/javma.233.1.63.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/1\/javma.233.1.63.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:28:55Z","timestamp":1741354135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/1\/javma.233.1.63.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.233.1.63","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]}}}