{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:16:06Z","timestamp":1793474166037,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize physiologic responses of ball pythons (<jats:italic>Python regius<\/jats:italic>) following a minor surgical procedure and investigate the effects of 2 commonly used analgesics on this response.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201415 healthy ball pythons.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Snakes were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 treatments: meloxicam (0.3 mg\/kg [0.14 mg\/lb]; n = 5), butorphanol (5 mg\/kg [2.3 mg\/lb]; 5), or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (5) before catheterization of the vertebral artery. Plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood gas values were measured at various times for 72.5 hours after catheterization. The 72.5-hour point was defined as baseline.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Heart rate of ball pythons increased significantly during the first hour following surgery. Mean plasma epinephrine concentration increased slightly at 2.5 hours after surgery, whereas mean plasma cortisol concentration increased beginning at 1.5 hours, reaching a maximum at 6.5 hours. Mean blood pressure increased within the first hour but returned to the baseline value at 2.5 hours after surgery. After 24.5 hours, blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma hormone concentrations remained stable at baseline values. There were no significant differences in values for physiologic variables between snakes that received saline solution and those that received meloxicam or butorphanol.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Measurement of physiologic variables provides a means of assessing postoperative pain in snakes. Meloxicam and butorphanol at the dosages used did not decrease the physiologic stress response and did not appear to provide analgesic effects in ball pythons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.12.1883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,15]],"date-time":"2008-12-15T14:30:47Z","timestamp":1229351447000},"page":"1883-1888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Effects of preoperative administration of butorphanol or meloxicam on physiologic responses to surgery in ball pythons"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Mette G.","family":"Olesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads F.","family":"Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve F.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Anim Behav","first-page":"827","article-title":"Assessment of pain in animals","volume":"42","author":"Bateson","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"237","article-title":"Pain assessment: current status and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Hummel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"426","article-title":"Responses of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol and cytokines during and after upper abdominal surgery","volume":"77","author":"Naito","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"921","article-title":"Duration, complications, stress and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs","volume":"227","author":"Devitt","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Eur J Pain","first-page":"397","article-title":"Evaluation of a short duration behavior-based post-operative pain scoring system in rats","volume":"7","author":"Roughan","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Zoolog Sci","first-page":"537","article-title":"Nociception in crocodiles: capsaicin instillation, formalin and hot plate test","volume":"7","author":"Kanui","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"101","article-title":"Morphine and pethidine antinociception in the crocodile","volume":"15","author":"Kanui","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1356","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy and respiratory effects of butorphanol and morphine in turtles","volume":"230","author":"Sladky","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci","first-page":"153","article-title":"The evidence for pain in fish: the use of morphine as an analgesic","volume":"83","author":"Sneddon","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh)","volume":"60","author":"Paul-Murphy","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"547","article-title":"Evaluation of the use of anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles","volume":"224","author":"Read","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med","first-page":"30","article-title":"Reptile anesthesia","volume":"7","author":"Avery","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"632","article-title":"Rapid method for determination of total carbon dioxide in small blood samples","volume":"31","author":"Cameron","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Fish physiology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(08)60322-2","article-title":"Acid-base regulation in fishes","author":"Heisler","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Exp Biol","first-page":"3327","article-title":"Increased blood oxygen affinity during digestion in the snake Python molurus","volume":"205","author":"Overgaard","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"79","article-title":"Blood pressure during routine activity, stress, and feeding in black racer snakes (Coluber constrictor)","volume":"264","author":"Stinner","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Cardiovascular actions of python bradykinin and substance P in the anesthetized python, Python regius","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Proceedings. 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