{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:37:52Z","timestamp":1782491872182,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u201420 alpaca crias (13 females and 7 males) were examined for diarrhea (n = 20), weight loss (15), and poor appetite (5). Fourteen crias were between 8 and 18 days of age at time of admission.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in all crias. Common biochemical abnormalities included acidemia, hyperlactemia, azotemia, and hyperglycemia and increases in aspartate transaminase and \u03b3-glutamyltransferase activities. Serum sodium and chloride concentrations were high or low. Other potential gastrointestinal tract pathogens were identified in only 7 crias.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Supportive care was instituted, including IV administration of fluids with partial parenteral administration of nutrients (n = 19 crias), antimicrobials (19), supplemental orally administered nutrients (11), administration of plasma (10), and insulin treatment (9). Other palliative treatments used by attending clinicians were sucralfate, flunixin meglumine, vitamin A\/D\/E\/B complex, antiparasitic agents, antidiarrheal agents, and azithromycin. Three crias with inadequate urine production and severe azotemia were treated with furosemide administered IV as a bolus or as a constant-rate infusion. Treatment resulted in a successful outcome in 16 of 20 crias. Weight loss and refractory azotemia were common in nonsurvivors but not in surviving crias.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Findings suggested that <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> spp may be a diarrheal pathogen of unweaned alpaca crias that may be more widespread than has been recognized and can become endemic on some farms. Metabolic derangements were unpredictable and should be determined by biochemical analysis before fluid and electrolyte replacement is initiated. Cryptosporidiosis has zoonotic potential, and the infection can be self-limiting in alpacas receiving supportive treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.2.294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T15:16:19Z","timestamp":1216134979000},"page":"294-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cryptosporidiosis in 20 alpaca crias"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Waitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cebra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Firshman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica C.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W. Schlipf","family":"Jr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Medicine and surgery of South American camelids","first-page":"452","article-title":"Neonatology","author":"Fowler","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1701","article-title":"Hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperosmolarity in 6 neonatal llamas and alpacas","volume":"217","author":"Cebra","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"623","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum infections in adult goats and their implications for neonatal kids","volume":"157","author":"Castro-Hermida","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"48","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different age groups of Danish cattle and pigs\u2014occurrence and management associated risk factors","volume":"141","author":"Maddox-Hyttel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1806","article-title":"Potential pathogens in feces from unweaned llamas and alpacas with diarrhea","volume":"223","author":"Cebra","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine","first-page":"529","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in New World camelids","author":"Cebra","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"287","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in young alpacas","volume":"142","author":"Bidwell","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"86","article-title":"Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves","volume":"205","author":"Garber","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Proceedings. XXII World Buiatrics Congr","first-page":"132","article-title":"The treatment of the diarrheic calf: an update","author":"Constable","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"184","article-title":"Treatment of hypernatremia in neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"48","author":"Abutarbush","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Proceedings. 15th Annu Meet Am Coll Vet Intern Med","first-page":"447","article-title":"Biochemical abnormalities in blood and forestomach fluid from New World camelids with various GI disturbances","author":"Cebra","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"325","article-title":"Renal failure in a calf secondary to chronic enteritis","volume":"83","author":"Mechor","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"94","article-title":"Eimeria macusaniensis infection in 15 llamas and 34 alpacas","volume":"230","author":"Cebra","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Rev Invest Vet Peru","first-page":"34","article-title":"Caracterizaci\u00f3n an\u00e1tomo-histopatol\u00f3gica de enteropat\u00edas causantes de mortalidad en cr\u00edas de alpaca","volume":"16","author":"Palacios","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"319","article-title":"Total parenteral nutrition in a neonatal llama","volume":"196","author":"Hovda","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1562","article-title":"An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among alpaca crias and their human caregivers","volume":"231","author":"Starkey","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.294.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.294.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.294.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:26:57Z","timestamp":1741354017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.294.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.233.2.294","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]}}}