{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:18:24Z","timestamp":1789805904392,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To conduct health assessments and compare outcomes in 2 populations of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Repeated cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014171 Atlantic bottlenose dolphins.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014During June and August of 2003 through 2005, 89 dolphins from the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, and 82 dolphins from estuarine waters near Charleston, SC, were evaluated. A panel of 5 marine mammal veterinarians classified dolphins as clinically normal, possibly diseased, or definitely diseased on the basis of results of physical and ultrasonographic examinations, hematologic and serum biochemical analyses, and cytologic and microbiologic evaluations of gastric contents and swab specimens.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prevalence of dolphins classified as definitely diseased did not differ significantly between the IRL (32%) and Charleston (20%) sites. Proportions of dolphins classified as possibly diseased also did not differ. Lobomycosis was diagnosed in 9 dolphins from the IRL but in none of the dolphins from Charleston. Proportions of dolphins with orogenital papillomas did not differ significantly between the IRL (12%) and Charleston (7%) sites. From 2003 through 2005, the proportion classified as definitely diseased tripled among dolphins from the Charleston site but did not increase significantly among dolphins from the IRL. Dolphins from the Charleston site were more likely to have leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, and low serum concentrations of total protein and total J-globulins than were dolphins from the IRL.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014High prevalences of diseased dolphins were identified at both sites; however, the host or environmental factors that contributed to the various abnormalities detected are unknown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.2.299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T15:16:19Z","timestamp":1216134979000},"page":"299-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Evaluation and comparison of the health status of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, and Charleston, South Carolina"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"John S.","family":"Reif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Fair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Kilpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juli D.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forrest I.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"McCulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Mazzoil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Zolman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Bossart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments\u20132003","first-page":"250","author":"Waring","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Sci Total Environ","first-page":"171","article-title":"Opportunities for using navy marine mammals to explore associations between organochlorine contaminants and unfavorable effects on reproduction","volume":"274","author":"Reddy","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"EcoHealth","first-page":"246","article-title":"Bottlenose dolphins as marine ecosystem sentinels: developing a health monitoring system","volume":"1","author":"Wells","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Oceanography","first-page":"44","article-title":"Marine mammals as sentinel species for oceans and human health","volume":"19","author":"Bossart","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem","first-page":"2752","article-title":"Probabilistic risk assessment of reproductive effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeast United States coast","volume":"21","author":"Schwacke","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Environ Health Perspect","first-page":"704","article-title":"The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): a case-control approach","volume":"114","author":"Hall","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Overview of the bottlenose dolphin health and risk assessment project. Synopsis of researcher meeting bottlenose dolphin health and risk assessment project","first-page":"22","author":"Fair","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Design for a multiple-method approach to determine stock structure of bottlenose dolphins in the mid-Atlantic","first-page":"1","author":"Hohn","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Fla Sci","first-page":"217","article-title":"Observations on the site fidelity of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida","volume":"68","author":"Mazzoil","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Mar Mamm Sci","first-page":"879","article-title":"Residence patterns of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Stono River estuary, Charleston County, South Carolina, USA","volume":"18","author":"Zolman","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref11"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Agric Food Chem","first-page":"4400","article-title":"Toxicological studies in tropical ecosystems: an ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticide runoff in south Florida estuarine systems","volume":"50","author":"Scott","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Environ Manage","first-page":"199","article-title":"Water-quality monitoring and biological integrity assessment in the Indian River Lagoon, Fla: status, trends, and loadings (1988\u20131994)","volume":"25","author":"Sigua","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol","first-page":"337","article-title":"Pesticides in canals of South Florida","volume":"32","author":"Miles","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"An inventory of South Carolina's coastal marshes. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department","first-page":"1","author":"Tiner","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Magnitude and extent of sediment toxicity in selected estuaries of South Carolina and Georgia","first-page":"1","author":"Long","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17"},{"key":"ref18"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Protocols for conducting dolphin capture-release health assessment studies","first-page":"1","author":"Fair","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Mar Mamm Sci","first-page":"315","article-title":"Growth layers in teeth from free-ranging, known-age bottlenose dolphins","volume":"5","author":"Hohn","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"447","article-title":"Hematology, serum analyte and cytologic findings from Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon, Florida","volume":"42","author":"Goldstein","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Aquat Mamm","first-page":"182","article-title":"Hematology, serum chemistry and cytology findings from apparently healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the estuarine waters of Charleston, South Carolina","volume":"32","author":"Fair","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract","first-page":"79","article-title":"Evaluation of cetacean and sirenian cytologic samples","volume":"10","author":"Varela","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"104","article-title":"Lobomycosis in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida","volume":"228","author":"Reif","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Aquat Mamm","first-page":"473","article-title":"Orogenital neoplasia in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","volume":"31","author":"Bossart","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"3559","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the first American bottlenose dolphin papillomavirus: Tursiops truncatus papillomavirus type 2","volume":"87","author":"Rehtanz","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine","first-page":"383","article-title":"Clinical pathology","author":"Bossart","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Fla Sci","first-page":"45","article-title":"Historical synthesis of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) stranding data in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida, from 1977\u20132005","volume":"70","author":"Stolen","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Annual report of the Marine Mammal Commission, calendar year 2002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Commission","author":"Marine","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Cetacean Res Manag","first-page":"195","article-title":"Trends in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) strandings in South Carolina, 1997\u20132003. Implications for the southern North Carolina and South Carolina management units","volume":"8","author":"McFee","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Fla Sci","first-page":"226","article-title":"Pathologic findings in stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida","volume":"6","author":"Bossart","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"324","article-title":"Lobomycosis","volume":"32","author":"Rodriguez-Toro","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Sci Total Environ","first-page":"147","article-title":"Geographic variation in polychlorinated biphenyl and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in the blubber of bottlenose dolphins from the US Atlantic Coast","volume":"319","author":"Hansen","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"Environ Sci Technol","first-page":"5860","article-title":"Polychlorinated biphenyls and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in plasma of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops trucatus) from the Western Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"40","author":"Houde","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"Environ Health Perspect","first-page":"67","article-title":"Decreased lymphocyte responses in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are associated with increased concentrations of PCBs and DDT in peripheral blood","volume":"103","author":"Lahvis","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"Environ Sci Technol","first-page":"6591","article-title":"Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops trucatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean","volume":"39","author":"Houde","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol","first-page":"483","article-title":"Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in blubber of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeast Atlantic estuarine areas","volume":"53","author":"Fair","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"Toxicol Sci","first-page":"366","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings","volume":"99","author":"Lau","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref39","series-title":"Environ Health Perspect","first-page":"9","article-title":"Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?","volume":"112","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref40","series-title":"Sci Total Environ","first-page":"300","article-title":"Trace element concentrations in skin of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the southeast Atlantic coast","volume":"388","author":"Stavros","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref41","series-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","article-title":"Trace element concentrations in blood of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): influence of age, sex and location","volume":"56","author":"Stavros","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.299.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.299.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.299.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:26:40Z","timestamp":1741354000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/2\/javma.233.2.299.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.233.2.299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]}}}