{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:47:00Z","timestamp":1784861220244,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 6-year-old 36.5-kg (80.3-lb) spayed female Labrador Retriever was evaluated because of an 11-month history of vaginal bleeding. Previous radiographic, endoscopic, and surgical interventions had failed to detect an underlying cause for the bleeding. The dog was examined on an emergency basis because of severe anemia after the bleeding increased in severity.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Bleeding was severe, and results of vaginoscopy and radiography (after administration of a contrast agent) did not confirm the cause of the hemorrhage. An exploratory episiotomy revealed multiple bleeding vascular abnormalities within the vaginal mucosa cranial to the external urethral orifice, which were suggestive of vascular ectasia.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014A total vaginectomy was performed via a ventral midline incision and a pubic symphysiotomy. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of excised vaginal tissues confirmed changes compatible with vascular ectasia. The dog made an uneventful recovery with no further vulval bleeding until 19 months after surgery, at which time vulval bleeding recurred. Further investigation and treatment were declined by the owner.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Vascular ectasia may be a cause of chronic vaginal hemorrhage and life-threatening anemia in dogs. In the dog of this report, the diagnosis was made on the basis of direct observation during exploratory episiotomy and histopathologic findings. To manage the condition, total vaginectomy was performed; however, despite radical surgery, bleeding recurred.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.6.945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]],"date-time":"2008-09-16T16:36:00Z","timestamp":1221582960000},"page":"945-949","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Persistent vaginal hemorrhage caused by vaginal vascular ectasia in a dog"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Gower","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra J.","family":"Schoeniger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"263","article-title":"Persistent vaginal haemorrhage in five mares caused by varicose veins of the vaginal wall","volume":"115","author":"White","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"375","article-title":"Varices with thrombosis in the cervix and uterus of a mare","volume":"38","author":"Foster","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Lab Anim Sci","first-page":"360","article-title":"Endometrial venous aneurysms in three New Zealand White rabbits","volume":"42","author":"Bray","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Zentralbl Gynakol","first-page":"884","article-title":"Unusual diffuse capillary-ectasis (venous varicosis) in the total vaginal mucosa of a 5-year-old child","volume":"98","author":"Breitfellner","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Lancet","article-title":"Massive haemorrhage from vaginal varicose veins in patient with liver cirrhosis","volume":"319","author":"Eriksson","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Clin Ultrasound","first-page":"317","article-title":"Cervical varices: an unusual etiology for third-trimester bleeding","volume":"26","author":"Hurton","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Macrohaematuria and life-threatening anemia attributable to subepithelial vascular ectasia of the urinary bladder in a dog","volume":"196","author":"Littman","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Rectal hemorrhage associated with vascular ectasia in a young dog","volume":"200","author":"Rogers","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"25","article-title":"Intestinal haemorrhage associated with colonic vascular ectasia (angiodysplasia) in a dog","volume":"40","author":"Fan","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"975","article-title":"Diagnosis and surgical management of vascular ectasia in a dog","volume":"229","author":"Daugherty","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Reprod Med","first-page":"492","article-title":"Selective vascular embolisation in benign gynaecological conditions","volume":"39","author":"Abbas","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/6\/javma.233.6.945.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/6\/javma.233.6.945.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/6\/javma.233.6.945.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:52:58Z","timestamp":1741355578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/6\/javma.233.6.945.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,15]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.233.6.945","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,15]]}}}