{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:56:00Z","timestamp":1784134560029,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u20142 cats were examined because of congestive heart failure secondary to heartworm infection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014One cat had severe abdominal distention and the other had dyspnea secondary to chylothorax. Both had loud right-sided heart murmurs, precordial thrills, and jugular distension. Thoracic radiography revealed cardiomegaly and enlarged caudal pulmonary arteries. Echocardiography revealed tricuspid regurgitation and multiple hyperechoic structures consistent with adult <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> within the right atrium, right ventricle, and main pulmonary artery. Pulmonary hypertension was documented by means of Doppler echocardiography in 1 cat.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cats were anesthetized, and a nitinol gooseneck snare catheter was introduced into the right side of the heart via a jugular venotomy. In the first cat, the snare was used to retrieve 5 female and 2 male adult <jats:italic>D immitis.<\/jats:italic> The catheter was then passed into the main pulmonary artery in an unsuccessful attempt to retrieve remaining heartworms. In the second cat, 2 adult female <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic> were removed from the right atrium with the nitinol snare. In both cats, clinical signs resolved within 4 weeks after the procedure.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Findings suggested that use of a nitinol gooseneck snare catheter may be a safe and effective technique for removing adult <jats:italic>D immitis<\/jats:italic> from the right atrium and ventricle in cats and that successful removal of adult heartworms in infected cats may resolve clinical signs of right-sided congestive heart failure and chylothorax. In addition, findings in 1 cat suggested that removal of all adult heartworms may not be necessary for clinical signs to resolve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.9.1441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,3]],"date-time":"2008-11-03T16:07:23Z","timestamp":1225728443000},"page":"1441-1445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Use of a nitinol gooseneck snare catheter for removal of adult Dirofilaria immitis in two cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"233","author":[{"given":"Merrilee T.","family":"Small","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarke E.","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonya G.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Birkenheuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Booth-Sayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce W.","family":"Keene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Fujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Proceedings. Am Heartworm Symp","first-page":"79","article-title":"Prevalence of feline heartworm disease: a global review","author":"Ryan","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"355","article-title":"Heartworm infection in cats: 50 cases (1985\u20131997)","volume":"217","author":"Atkins","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Aust Vet Pract","first-page":"11","article-title":"Forty-five cases of feline heartworm in Australia (1990\u20131998)","volume":"30","author":"Evans","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"663","article-title":"Surgical removal of heartworms from a cat with caval syndrome","volume":"206","author":"Glaus","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"645","article-title":"Feline caval syndrome: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Takehashi","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"507","article-title":"Chylothorax associated with dirofilariasis in a cat","volume":"197","author":"Birchard","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Chylothorax subsequent to infection of cats with Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"164","author":"Donahoe","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"345","article-title":"Use of rutin for medical management of idiopathic chylothorax in four cats","volume":"215","author":"Thompson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"599","article-title":"Experimental infection of cats with Dirofilaia immitis","volume":"61","author":"Donahoe","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"68","article-title":"Surgical removal of heartworms from the right atrium of a cat","volume":"211","author":"Borgarelli","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref11","series-title":"Feline Pract","first-page":"15","article-title":"Transvenous removal of heartworms from the pulmonary artery of a cat","volume":"27","author":"Bright","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"692","article-title":"Use of a modified surgical approach to the right atrium for retrieval of heartworms in a dog","volume":"208","author":"Kuntz","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Proceedings. Am Heartworm Symp","first-page":"241","article-title":"Surgical removal of heartworms in naturally infected cats","volume":"199","author":"Venco"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"66","article-title":"The use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of heartworm disease in cats: 43 cases (1985\u20131997)","volume":"218","author":"DeFrancesco","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/9\/javma.233.9.1441.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/9\/javma.233.9.1441.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/233\/9\/javma.233.9.1441.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:04:39Z","timestamp":1741356279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/233\/9\/javma.233.9.1441.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.233.9.1441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]}}}