{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T23:37:19Z","timestamp":1767915439470,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize the efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in the fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014100 dogs with naturally occurring urocystoliths and urethroliths.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Via cystoscopy, laser lithotripsy was performed to fragment uroliths. Basket retrieval and voiding urohydropropulsion were used to remove fragments. Postprocedural contrast cystography was performed to assess efficacy and safety. In 40 dogs, midstream urine samples were collected just prior to laser lithotripsy (day 0) and on days 1, 3, and 11 after laser lithotripsy to assess inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Urolith removal was complete in 82% of dogs (52\/66 with only urocystoliths, 17\/17 with only urethroliths, and 13\/17 with urocystoliths and urethroliths). Urolith removal was incomplete in 18 dogs; of these dogs, 9, 6, and 3 had urolith fragments \u2265 3 mm, 1 to &lt; 3 mm, and &lt; 1 mm in diameter, respectively. Sex (female) was the most significant predictor for success. Median procedure time was 72 minutes. Two dogs developed urinary tract obstruction following laser lithotripsy. Hematuria was detected in 53% of dogs on day 0 and in 84%, 13%, and 3% of dogs on days 1, 3, and 11, respectively. Leukocyturia was detected in 13% of dogs on day 0 and in 47%, 0%, and 3% of dogs on days 1, 3, and 11, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that use of laser lithotripsy was a safe and effective alternative to surgical removal of urocystoliths and urethroliths in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.10.1279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,15]],"date-time":"2009-05-15T07:04:38Z","timestamp":1242371078000},"page":"1279-1285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Jody P.","family":"Lulich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl A.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Albasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Monga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Bevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Diseases of the dog and their treatment","first-page":"199","author":"Muller","year":"1916"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"112","article-title":"The laser beam in urology","volume":"99","author":"Mulvaney","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"386","article-title":"Pulsed dye laser fragmentation of ureteral calculi: initial clinical experience","volume":"137","author":"Dretler","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"912","article-title":"Intracorporeal lithotripsy with the holmium:YAG laser","volume":"156","author":"Razvi","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1600","article-title":"Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy for treatment of urolithiasis in two geldings","volume":"212","author":"Howard","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1831","article-title":"Urethroscopy and laser lithotripsy for the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in goats and pot-bellied pigs","volume":"220","author":"Halland","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Lasers Surg Med","first-page":"243","article-title":"In vitro effects of pulsed holmium laser energy on canine uroliths and porcine cadaveric urethra","volume":"33","author":"Wynn","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1680","article-title":"Use of laser lithotripsy for fragmentation of uroliths in dogs: 73 cases (2005\u20132006)","volume":"232","author":"Adams","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"534","article-title":"Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for urolithiasis in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Grant","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Comparison of laser lithotripsy and cystotomy for the management of dogs with urolithiasis","volume":"234","author":"Bevan","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"393","article-title":"Urolith analysis. 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