{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:12:47Z","timestamp":1792887167248,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the prevalence of cardiomyopathy and the relationship between cardiomyopathy and heart murmurs in apparently healthy cats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014103 privately owned, apparently healthy domestic cats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cats were physically and echocardiographically examined by 2 investigators independently. Left ventricular wall thickness was determined via 2-dimensional echocardiography in short-axis and long-axis planes. Left ventricular hypertrophy was identified when end-diastolic measurements of the interventricular septum or posterior wall were \u2265 6 mm. Cats with left ventricular hypertrophy but without left ventricular dilatation were considered to have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The associations between heart murmurs and Doppler echocardiographic velocity profiles indicative of dynamic ventricular outflow tract obstruction were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Heart murmurs were detected in 16 (15.5%; 95% confidence interval, 9.2% to 24.0%) cats; of these, 5 had cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy was also identified in 16 (15.5%; 95% confidence interval, 9.2% to 24.0%) cats; 15 had HCM, and 1 had arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Of the cats with HCM, 11 had segmental left ventricular hypertrophy, 3 had diffuse left ventricular hypertrophy, and 1 had borderline left ventricular hypertrophy with marked systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Sensitivity and specificity of auscultatory detection of a heart murmur for diagnosing cardiomyopathy were 31% and 87%, respectively. Echocardiographic evidence of late systolic acceleration within ventricular outflow tracts was associated with the existence of a heart murmur.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cardiomyopathy was common in the healthy cats evaluated in this study. In apparently healthy cats, detection of a heart murmur is not a reliable indicator of cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.11.1398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,1]],"date-time":"2009-06-01T08:50:05Z","timestamp":1243846205000},"page":"1398-1403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":233,"title":["Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Christopher F.","family":"Paige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan A.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Elvinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Lee","family":"Pyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"151","article-title":"Feline idiopathic cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of 106 cats (1994\u20132001)","volume":"5","author":"Ferasin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"202","article-title":"Population and survival characteristics of cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 260 cases (1990\u20131999)","volume":"220","author":"Rush","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"613","article-title":"Risk factors, clinical signs, and survival in cats with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 74 cases (1985\u20131989)","volume":"201","author":"Atkins","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"384","article-title":"Assessment of the prevalence of heart murmurs in overtly healthy cats","volume":"225","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Forum","first-page":"37","article-title":"Cardiac cats","author":"Grover","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd","first-page":"65","article-title":"Prevalence of heart disease in symptomatic cats: an overview from 1998 to 2005","volume":"149","author":"Riesen","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine","first-page":"77","article-title":"Physical examination of the heart and circulation","author":"Braunwald","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"247","article-title":"Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. 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