{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T10:49:08Z","timestamp":1788691748654,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To obtain epidemiologic information on rabies in skunks in Texas.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Epidemiologic study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014Reports of skunks that had been submitted for rabies testing in Texas from 1953 through 2007.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Reports were reviewed to obtain information on seasonality of rabies in skunks, seasonality of human and domestic animal exposure to rabid skunks, commonly reported clinical signs of rabies in skunks, domestic animals frequently exposed to rabid skunks, common scenarios for exposure of domestic animals to rabid skunks, disposition of domestic animals exposed to rabid skunks, age and gender of humans exposed to rabid skunks, and usual routes of exposure of humans to rabid skunks.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014On a yearly basis, the number of rabid skunks peaked in 1961, 1979, and 2001. On a monthly basis, the number of rabid skunks peaked in March and April. Over the study period, the percentage of rabid skunks from urban areas increased and the percentage from rural areas decreased. Striped skunks were the most common species. Dogs and cats were the domestic animals most frequently exposed to rabid skunks. On average, the highest numbers of humans exposed to rabid skunks were between 36 and 50 years old. Most humans were exposed through means other than a bite. Typical behaviors of rabid skunks were entering a dog pen, appearing outside during daytime, and attacking pets.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Information on the epidemiology of rabies in skunks may be useful in planning and implementing local, state, and national rabies control and prevention campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.5.616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T17:44:33Z","timestamp":1235929473000},"page":"616-620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Epidemiology of rabies in skunks in Texas"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Ernest H.","family":"Oertli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Sidwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney E.","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Yearly rabies reports","article-title":"Texas Department of State Health Services","year":"1953\u20132007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Texas administrative code","article-title":"Title 25, Health services. Chapter 169, Zoonosis control. Subchapter A, Rabies control and eradication","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Clin Diagn Virol","first-page":"209","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of rabies epizootics in Texas","volume":"108","author":"Rohde","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"573","article-title":"Demonstration of antigenic variation among rabies virus isolates by using monoclonal antibodies to nucleocapsid proteins","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Texas State Data Center and Office of the State Demographer. Shapefile urb0"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"The mammals of Texas","first-page":"182","author":"Schmidly","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"522","article-title":"Postexposure rabies prophylaxis protocol for domestic animals and epidemiologic characteristics of rabies vaccination failures in Texas: 1995\u20131999","volume":"218","author":"Wilson","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"540","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2006","volume":"231","author":"Blanton","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Wildl Manage","first-page":"583","article-title":"Habitat use of western spotted skunks and striped skunks in Texas","volume":"71","author":"Neiswenter","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"825","article-title":"Rabies in hooded and striped skunks in Arizona","volume":"42","author":"Hass","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"97","article-title":"Oral rabies vaccine (ORV) bait uptake by captive striped skunks","volume":"43","author":"Jojola","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"498","article-title":"Results of an oral rabies vaccination program for coyotes","volume":"212","author":"Fearneyhough","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"785","article-title":"Evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995\u20132003","volume":"227","author":"Sidwa","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/234\/5\/javma.234.5.616.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/234\/5\/javma.234.5.616.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/234\/5\/javma.234.5.616.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:25:18Z","timestamp":1741353918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/234\/5\/javma.234.5.616.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.234.5.616","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]]}}}