{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T19:55:51Z","timestamp":1785009351729,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 6-year-old castrated male Llewelyn Setter was evaluated because of an acute onset of myalgia and respiratory distress.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Physical examination revealed a stiff stilted gait, swollen muscles that appeared to cause signs of pain, panting, and ptyalism. The dog had a decrease in palpebral reflexes bilaterally and a decrease in myotatic reflexes in all 4 limbs. The panniculus reflex was considered normal, and all other cranial nerve reflexes were intact. Serum biochemical analysis revealed markedly high cardiac troponin-I concentration and creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. Urinalysis revealed myoglobinuria. Results for thoracic and abdominal radiography, blood pressure measurement, and an ECG were within anticipated limits. Echocardiographic findings were consistent with secondary systolic myocardial failure. Arterial blood gas analysis confirmed hypoxemia and hypoventilation. The dog had negative results when tested for infectious diseases. Examination of skeletal muscle biopsy specimens identified necrotizing myopathy.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Treatment included ventilatory support; IV administration of an electrolyte solution supplemented with potassium chloride; administration of dantrolene; vasopressor administration; parenteral administration of nutrients; use of multimodal analgesics; administration of clindamycin, furosemide, mannitol, and enrofloxacin; and dietary supplementation with <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>-carnitine and coenzyme Q<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>. Other medical interventions were not required, and the dog made a rapid and complete recovery.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Necrotizing myopathy resulting in rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria can lead to life-threatening physical and biochemical abnormalities. Making a correct diagnosis is essential, and patients require intensive supportive care. The prognosis can be excellent for recovery, provided there is no secondary organ dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.8.1049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1239779013000},"page":"1049-1054","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Successful management of a dog that had severe rhabdomyolysis with myocardial and respiratory failure"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Raegan J.","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy D.","family":"Sedacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Aman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy B.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Twedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Diane","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Muscle biopsy: a practical approach","first-page":"21","article-title":"Histological and histochemical stains and reactions","author":"Dubowitz","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and necrotizing myopathies","volume":"34","author":"Shelton","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Myology: basic and clinical","first-page":"1677","article-title":"Myoglobinuria","author":"Sieb","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Neuromuscul Disord","first-page":"355","article-title":"Acquired multiple Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in 10 horses with atypical myopathy","volume":"18","author":"Westermann","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Neuromuscul Disord","first-page":"278","article-title":"Vitamin E and exertional rhabdomyolysis during endurance sled dog racing","volume":"11","author":"Piercy","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Current veterinary therapy VII","first-page":"783","article-title":"Exertional rhabdomyolysis (myoglobinuria) in the racing Greyhound","author":"Gannon","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Seizure-induced rhabdomyolysis accompanied by acute renal failure in a dog","volume":"172","author":"Spangler","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Clinical findings associated with prairie rattlesnake bites in dogs: 100 cases (1989\u20131998)","volume":"220","author":"Hackett","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"320","article-title":"Systemic rhabdomyonecrosis and acute tubular necrosis in a dog associated with wasp stings","volume":"156","author":"Shimada","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Lab Clin Med","first-page":"565","article-title":"Natural history of potassium-deficiency myopathy in the dog: role of adrenocortico-steroid in rhabdomyolysis","volume":"102","author":"Patterson","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"286","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis as a complication of canine babesiosis","volume":"37","author":"Jacobson","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","first-page":"289","article-title":"Effects of organophosphates on skeletal muscle","volume":"12","author":"Karalliedde","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"52","article-title":"Tremorgenic myocotoxin intoxication with penitrem A and roquefortine in two dogs","volume":"222","author":"Young","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1441","article-title":"Tremorgenic mycotoxicosis in four dogs from a single household","volume":"221","author":"Boysen","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"302","article-title":"Dilatation of the right atrium in a dog with polymyositis and myocarditis","volume":"49","author":"Warman","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"671","article-title":"Development of Duchennetype cardiomyopathy. Morphologic studies in a canine model","volume":"135","author":"Valentine","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"346","article-title":"Cardiomyopathy in dystrophindeficient hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy","volume":"13","author":"Gaschen","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"277","article-title":"Cardiac troponins as indicators of acute myocardial damage in dogs","volume":"20","author":"Burgener","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"238","article-title":"Distinguishing cardiac and noncardiac dyspnea in 48 dogs using plasma atrial natriuretic factor, B-type natriuretic factor, endothelin, and cardiac troponin-I","volume":"21","author":"Prosek","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1380","article-title":"History and clinical features of atypical myopathy in horses in Belgium (2000\u20132005)","volume":"21","author":"Votion","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Acute corticosteroid myopathy in intensive care patients","volume":"20","author":"Hanson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"50","article-title":"Experimental investigation of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy in the dog","volume":"68","author":"Braund","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Structural and molecular basis of skeletal muscle diseases","first-page":"83","article-title":"Myosin heavy chain depletion syndrome","author":"Karpati","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Muscle Nerve","first-page":"767","article-title":"Effects of prednisone in canine muscular dystrophy","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Acta Clin Belg Suppl","first-page":"375","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis","volume":"2","author":"Sever","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"137","article-title":"Use of intravenous lidocaine to prevent reperfusion injury and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Cassutto","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"1002","article-title":"Propofol-associated fatal myocardial failure and rhabdomyolysis in an adult with status epilepticus","volume":"48","author":"Zarovnaya","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol","first-page":"505","article-title":"Cardiac stem cells and myocardial disease","volume":"45","author":"Kajstura","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol","first-page":"91","article-title":"Myocardial regeneration and stem cell repair","volume":"33","author":"Leri","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1049.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1049.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1049.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:25:32Z","timestamp":1741353932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1049.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.234.8.1049","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]}}}