{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:25:24Z","timestamp":1779312324184,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 20-year-old sexually intact female African Grey parrot (<jats:italic>Psittacus erithacus<\/jats:italic>) was evaluated to determine the cause of lethargy, hyporexia, weight loss, and persistent ascites of 21 days' duration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Physical examination revealed a markedly distended abdomen and systolic heart murmur. Thoracic radiography revealed cardiomegaly and hepatomegaly. Doppler echocardiography revealed severe eccentric and concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle with systolic dysfunction, moderate regurgitation through the right atrioventricular valve, a substantial increase in estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, hepatic venous congestion, and coelomic effusion. A clinical diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale was established.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014The parrot was initially stabilized by use of coelomocentesis. During the next month, the parrot was treated by administration of furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone, benazepril, and pimobendan. The parrot appeared to be responding well to treatment but was found dead in its cage 35 days following initial examination. Postmortem examination revealed substantial atherosclerosis of the large pulmonary arteries, with lesions extending into the medium-size arteries. Pulmonary atherosclerosis was suspected as a cause of the severe pulmonary hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Although atherosclerosis most commonly affects the systemic and coronary arteries of parrots, sclerotic changes within the pulmonary vasculature should be considered as a possible cause of pulmonary hypertension and as a differential diagnosis for right-sided congestive heart failure in psittacine species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.8.1055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]],"date-time":"2009-04-15T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1239779013000},"page":"1055-1059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Chronic cor pulmonale secondary to pulmonary atherosclerosis in an African Grey parrot"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"234","author":[{"given":"Cassidy D.","family":"Sedacca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry W.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice M.","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett T.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tawfik A.","family":"Aboellail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Exotic animal formulary","first-page":"264","article-title":"Birds","author":"Pollock","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"76","article-title":"Measurement of the cardiac silhouette in psittacines","volume":"221","author":"Straub","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"73","article-title":"Echocardiographic examinations of 60 African grey parrots and 30 other psittacine birds","volume":"155","author":"Pees","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Avian Med Surg","first-page":"2","article-title":"Research on the anatomy and pathology of the psittacine heart","volume":"18","author":"Krautwald-Junghanns","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Principals and practice of echocardiography","first-page":"184","article-title":"Principles of flow","author":"Weyman","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"51","author":"Chin","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"393","article-title":"Development of accelerated atherosclerosis: concepts derived from cell biology and animal model studies","volume":"107","author":"Mahley","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Circulation","first-page":"2488","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms, oxidation, inflammation, and genesis","volume":"91","author":"Berliner","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Q","first-page":"50","article-title":"Atherosclerosis in parrots. A review","volume":"26","author":"Bavelaar","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Avian Dis","first-page":"566","article-title":"Severity of atherosclerosis in parrots in relation to the intake of D-linolenic acid","volume":"47","author":"Bavelaar","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"150","article-title":"Atherosclerosis in psittacine birds","author":"Johnson","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1435","article-title":"Heart failure in a macaw with atherosclerosis of the aorta and brachiocephalic arteries","volume":"209","author":"Phalen","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1737","article-title":"Results of postmortem examination of psittacine birds with cardiac disease: 26 cases (1991\u20131995)","volume":"212","author":"Oglesbee","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"540","article-title":"Insufficiency of the muscular atrioventricular valve in the heart of a Blue-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva aestiva)","volume":"148","author":"Pees","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"445","article-title":"Diagnosis and long-term therapy of right-sided heart failure in a Yellow-crowned Amazon (Amazona ochrocephala)","volume":"158","author":"Pees","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"432","article-title":"Single dose digoxin pharmacokinetics in quaker conure","volume":"20","author":"Wilson","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"171","article-title":"Congestive heart failure due to mitral regurgitation in an Indian hill mynah bird","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"354","article-title":"Basis for use of digoxin in small birds","volume":"10","author":"Hamlin","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"24","article-title":"Pericardiocentesis and the use of enalapril in a Fischer's lovebird","volume":"152","author":"Straub","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"285","article-title":"Heart diseases in birds: rare or just not diagnosed?","author":"Straub","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1055.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1055.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1055.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:25:43Z","timestamp":1741353943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/234\/8\/javma.234.8.1055.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.234.8.1055","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,15]]}}}