{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:58:31Z","timestamp":1780513111892,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u20142 horses and 1 pony were evaluated for right-sided (1 horse and the pony) and left-sided (1 horse) acute epistaxis of 1 day's to 1 month's duration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Endoscopic examination of the 3 equids revealed that the hemorrhage originated from the right maxillary artery in 2 equids and from the left internal carotid artery in the third. Mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch) was detected in all 3 equids.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014All 3 equids underwent surgery, and transarterial nitinol intravascular plugs were placed to occlude affected blood vessels. All equids survived for a long period (ie, a minimum of 1 to 2 years) and returned to their previous use. All had complete regression of clinical signs of guttural pouch mycosis without additional medical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014The use of transarterial nitinol intravascular plugs appeared to be an effective alternative to other techniques for the treatment of epistaxis secondary to guttural pouch mycosis, including transarterial occlusion devices such as embolization coils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.2.189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,15]],"date-time":"2009-07-15T07:02:53Z","timestamp":1247641373000},"page":"189-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Treatment of acute epistaxis secondary to guttural pouch mycosis with transarterial nitinol vascular occlusion plugs in three equids"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Kira C.","family":"Delfs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan F.","family":"Hawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel F.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"336","article-title":"The clinical features of guttural pouch mycosis in the horse","volume":"83","author":"Cook","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"483","article-title":"Outcome of treatment in 35 cases of guttural pouch mycosis","volume":"19","author":"Greet","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"345","article-title":"Balloon-tipped catheter arterial occlusion for prevention of hemorrhages caused by guttural pouch mycosis: 13 cases (1982\u20131985)","volume":"191","author":"Caron","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"239","article-title":"Guttural pouch hemorrhages associated with lesions of the maxillary artery in two horses","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"39","article-title":"Occlusion of the external carotid and maxillary arteries in the horse to prevent hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis","volume":"18","author":"Freeman","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Equine respiratory medicine and surgery","first-page":"424","article-title":"Disorders of the guttural pouches. 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plug","volume":"17","author":"Fischer","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"151","article-title":"Is specific antifungal therapy necessary for the treatment of guttural pouch mycosis in horses?","volume":"27","author":"Speirs","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv","first-page":"940","article-title":"Transcatheter occlusion of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations using the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II","volume":"71","author":"Tabori","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"139","article-title":"Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus in a dog with a peripheral vascular occlusion device","volume":"8","author":"Hogan","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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