{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:21:25Z","timestamp":1775002885668,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the prevalence of <jats:italic>Babesia gibsoni<\/jats:italic> infection in dogs that were confiscated from dogfighting operations.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014157 pit bull\u2013type dogs that were confiscated as part of dogfighting prosecution cases in Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington and 218 randomly selected animal shelter dogs with no known history of dogfighting.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Blood samples collected from confiscated dogs were tested for infection with <jats:italic>B gibsoni<\/jats:italic> by use of a nested PCR assay. Samples that yielded positive results underwent DNA sequencing to confirm infection with <jats:italic>B gibsoni<\/jats:italic>. Control blood samples collected from 218 randomly selected dogs in animal shelters (ie, dogs that had no known involvement in dogfighting events) were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results of nested PCR assays indicated that 53 of 157 (33.8%) confiscated dogs were infected with <jats:italic>B gibsoni<\/jats:italic>; 1 (0.6%) dog was infected with the canine small <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> \u2018Spanish isolate\u2019 (also known as <jats:italic>Theileria annae<\/jats:italic>). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of infection with this small <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> \u2018Spanish isolate\u2019 in a North American dog. Dogs with scars (indicative of fighting) on the face, head, and forelimbs were 5.5 times as likely to be infected with <jats:italic>B gibsoni<\/jats:italic> as were dogs without scars. Of the control dogs, 1 (0.5%) pit bull\u2013type dog was infected with <jats:italic>B gibsoni<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that <jats:italic>B gibsoni<\/jats:italic> is a common parasite of dogs confiscated from dogfighting operations and suggested that dogs with a history of fighting should be evaluated for infection with <jats:italic>B gibsoni<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.5.535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T07:04:10Z","timestamp":1251788650000},"page":"535-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Detection of Babesia gibsoni and the canine small Babesia \u2018Spanish isolate\u2019 in blood samples obtained from dogs confiscated from dogfighting operations"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Yeagley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mason V.","family":"Reichard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie E.","family":"Hempstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey M.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mellanie A.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Meinkoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"485","article-title":"Different Babesia canis isolates, different diseases","volume":"115","author":"Schetters","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"151","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of a novel large Babesia species in a dog","volume":"124","author":"Birkenheuer","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"150","article-title":"In vitro cultivation of a newly recognized Babesia sp in dogs in North Carolina","volume":"151","author":"Lehtinen","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"112","article-title":"A review of the small canine piroplasms from California: Babesia conradae in the 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