{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:40:03Z","timestamp":1770216003839,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the frequency of viral detection in conjunctival samples from client-owned domestic dogs with naturally acquired idiopathic conjunctivitis and to identify signalment, historical, and clinical findings positively associated with viral detection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Case-control study<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201430 dogs with naturally acquired idiopathic conjunctivitis and a control population of 30 dogs without ocular disease.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Complete physical and ophthalmic examinations were performed for each dog. Conjunctival swab specimens were analyzed by use of virus isolation and PCR assays for the following viruses: canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1), canine parainfuenza virus, canine respiratory coronavirus, infuenza A virus, and West Nile virus. Signalment, clinical, and historical information was recorded and compared between study groups.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Viruses were detected by either virus isolation or PCR methods significantly more frequently in conjunctival samples from dogs with conjunctivitis (7\/30 [23.3%]) than dogs without conjunctivitis (0\/30 [0%]). Canine herpesvirus-1 was isolated from 2 conjunctival samples and detected by use of PCR assay in 5 conjunctival samples. Canine adenovirus-2 was isolated from 1 conjunctival sample and detected by use of PCR assay in 2 conjunctiva samples. Sexually intact dogs and frequent exposure to dogs outside the household were positively associated with viral detection in the conjunctivitis group<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that CHV-1 and CAV-2 are common etiologic agents of conjunctivitis in domestic dogs. Risk factors for viral conjunctivitis in dogs reflected increased exposure to other dogs and opportunities for contact with infectious secretions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.8.954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]],"date-time":"2009-10-15T07:25:04Z","timestamp":1255591504000},"page":"954-959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Virologic survey of dogs with naturally acquired idiopathic conjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Ledbetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Hornbuckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Dubovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"233","article-title":"Canine conjunctivitis and blepharitis","volume":"38","author":"Pe\u00f1a","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disseminated prothothecosis in a dog","volume":"44","author":"Imes","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"777","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs","volume":"194","author":"Davidson","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Canine and feline primary ocular bacterial infections","volume":"30","author":"Whitley","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"632","article-title":"Chlamydophila abortus-induced keratoconjunctivitis in a dog","volume":"157","author":"Hoelzle","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"820","article-title":"Use of sustained-release moxidectin to prevent eyeworm (Thelazia callipaeda) infection in dogs","volume":"161","author":"Rossi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"598","article-title":"Systemic Crytococcus albidus infection in a Doberman Pinscher","volume":"17","author":"Labrecque","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"197","article-title":"Pathogenesis and phylogenetic analyses of canine distemper virus strain 007Lm, a new isolate in dogs","volume":"110","author":"Lan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"333","article-title":"The epidemiology of adenovirus infections in Greater Manchester, UK 1982\u20136","volume":"125","author":"Cooper","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Br J Ophthalmol","first-page":"669","article-title":"Recurrent herpes simplex virus ocular infection: epidemiological and clinical features","volume":"71","author":"Wishart","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"1758","article-title":"Experimental ocular herpesvirus infection in the cat. 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