{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:23Z","timestamp":1774690823171,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate serum antibody titers in captive African elephants (<jats:italic>Loxodonta africana<\/jats:italic>) following routine vaccination with a commercially available, inactivated rabies vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Seroepidemiologic study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201414 captive African elephants from a single herd.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Elephants were vaccinated as part of a routine preventive health program. Initially, elephants were vaccinated annually (2 mL, IM), and blood was collected every 4 or 6 months for measurement of rabies virus\u2013neutralizing antibody titer by means of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Individual elephants were later switched to an intermittent vaccination schedule to allow duration of the antibody response to be determined.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All elephants had detectable antibody responses following rabies vaccination, although there was great variability among individual animals in regard to antibody titers, and antibody titers could be detected as long as 24 months after vaccine administration. Young animals were found to develop an antibody titer following administration of a single dose of the rabies vaccine. Age and time since vaccination had significant effects on measured antibody titers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated that African elephants developed detectable antibody titers in response to inoculation with a standard large animal dose of a commercially available, inactivated rabies vaccine. The persistence of detectable antibody titers in some animals suggested that vaccination could be performed less frequently than once a year if antibody titers were routinely monitored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.8.978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]],"date-time":"2009-10-15T07:25:04Z","timestamp":1255591504000},"page":"978-981","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum antibody titers following routine rabies vaccination in African elephants"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"235","author":[{"given":"Michele A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Olea-Popelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"The accreditation standards and related policies 2008 edition"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"127","article-title":"Antibody response to rabies vaccination in captive and free-ranging wolves (Canis lupus)","volume":"32","author":"Federoff","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"179","article-title":"Serologic testing: uses and misuses in development of strategic vaccination programs for zoos","author":"Miller","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"187","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus vaccinations of silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) at the Perth Zoo","author":"Payne","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Proceedings","first-page":"185","article-title":"Vaccine-induced canine distemper virus infection in a lesser panda (Ailururus fulgens fulgens) three years following last vaccination","author":"Bronson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants","first-page":"131","article-title":"Infectious diseases","author":"Fowler","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"98","article-title":"First reported case of elephant rabies in Sri Lanka","volume":"144","author":"Wimalaratne","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"7717","article-title":"Synchronous cycles of domestic dog rabies in sub-Saharan Africa and the impact of control efforts","volume":"104","author":"Hampson","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Rev Infect Dis","first-page":"S629","article-title":"Rabies in the kudu antelope (Tragelaphus strepsiceros)","volume":"4","author":"Hubschel","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"535","article-title":"A rapid reproducible test for determining rabies neutralizing antibody","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"735","article-title":"Practical significance of rabies antibodies in cats and dogs","volume":"11","author":"Aubert","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1934","article-title":"Results of vaccination of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine","volume":"67","author":"Isaza","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/235\/8\/javma.235.8.978.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/235\/8\/javma.235.8.978.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/235\/8\/javma.235.8.978.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:51:14Z","timestamp":1741355474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/235\/8\/javma.235.8.978.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.235.8.978","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]]}}}