{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:54:10Z","timestamp":1788497650740,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate trends in urolith composition and urolithiasis in dogs during the past 21 years.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u201425,499 uroliths and the dogs from which they were obtained.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Database of the Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched from January 1985 through December 2006. All uroliths from dogs and the accompanying submission forms were evaluated. Age, sex, breed, and urolith location were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Minerals identified in uroliths included struvite, calcium oxalate (CaOx), urate, apatite, brushite, cystine, silica, potassium magnesium pyrophosphate, sulfa drug, xanthine, and newberyite. Although more struvite-containing uroliths were submitted during this period, a significant decrease in the proportion of struvite-containing uroliths submitted as a percentage of all uroliths submitted was detected. Also, a significant increase in the proportion of CaOx-containing uroliths submitted over time was detected. There was a significant nonlinear decrease in submission of urate-, silica-, and cystine-containing uroliths. The CaOx-, cystine-, and silica-containing uroliths were obtained significantly more often from male dogs; struvite- and urate-containing uroliths were obtained significantly more often from female dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014An increase in the proportion of CaOx uroliths submitted over time was detected. Reasons for long-term changes in this trend were likely multifactorial and could have included alterations in diet formulations and water consumption and possibly the fact that people favor ownership of breeds more prone to developing CaOx-containing uroliths. The decrease in metabolic uroliths could have been related to better breeding practices and increased awareness of results of genetic studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.2.193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,15]],"date-time":"2010-01-15T08:05:24Z","timestamp":1263542724000},"page":"193-200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Evaluation of trends in urolith composition and characteristics of dogs with urolithiasis: 25,499 cases (1985\u20132006)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Winnie W.","family":"Low","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin M.","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette L.","family":"Ruby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodi L.","family":"Westropp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"660","article-title":"Nonsurgical removal of urocystoliths in dogs and cats by voiding urohydropropulsion","volume":"203","author":"Lulich","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1680","article-title":"Use of laser lithotripsy for fragmentation of uroliths in dogs: 73 cases (2005\u20132006)","volume":"232","author":"Adams","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"534","article-title":"Holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy for urolithiasis in dogs","volume":"22","author":"Grant","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"817","article-title":"Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001","volume":"17","author":"Ling","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)","first-page":"247","article-title":"Analysis of 4495 canine and feline uroliths in the Benelux. 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