{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T08:38:13Z","timestamp":1780562293378,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u201466 horses were potentially exposed to phosphine (a gas) 14 hours after being fed a pelleted ration treated with aluminum phosphide.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u201428 horses had clinical signs of profuse sweating, tachycardia, tachypnea, pyrexia, ataxia, seizures, and widespread muscle tremors. Clinically relevant laboratory findings included hypoglycemia and high plasma concentrations of lactate and ammonia and activities of \u03b3-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. At least 4 horses had signs consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Necropsy findings included petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages in multiple organs, widespread vascular congestion, hepatic lipidosis, and neuronal necrosis in the brain. Phosphine was detected in the stomachs of the 3 horses tested.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014On the farm, horses were treated with gastric lavage followed by administration of di-tri-octahedral smectite, atropine, fluids, and sedatives. Six horses were hospitalized, and lactated Ringer's solution and flunixin meglumine were administered IV. Additionally, 10% dextrose, corn syrup, and di-tri-octahedral smectite were administered PO. Twenty-seven horses died within 2 days after exposure. Two survivors (1 without clinical signs of toxicosis) made a complete recovery.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Progression of clinical signs in affected horses in this report was rapid, with few treatment options available, leading to a high case fatality rate. Fumigation with aluminum phosphide is commonly performed to eliminate weevils and other insects from stored grains. When appropriate precautions are used during fumigation, risk to livestock is typically minimal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.4.446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]],"date-time":"2010-02-15T08:04:33Z","timestamp":1266221073000},"page":"446-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Phosphine intoxication following oral exposure of horses to aluminum phosphide\u2013treated feed"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"236","author":[{"given":"Leslie","family":"Easterwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Keith","family":"Chaffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy S.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"RED facts: aluminum and magnesium phosphide","first-page":"1","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol","first-page":"662","article-title":"Acute oral toxicity of aluminum phosphide in male albino rats (Wistar)","volume":"52","author":"Batra","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Chemical emergency preparedness and prevention","first-page":"1","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Veterinary toxicology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxicants associated with stimulation or seizures","author":"Beasley","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Keep phosphine safe","first-page":"1","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol","first-page":"703","article-title":"Aluminum phosphide ingestion\u2014a clinico-pathologic study","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol","first-page":"19","article-title":"Aluminum phosphide poisoning\u2014a review","volume":"33","author":"Gupta","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Equine internal medicine","first-page":"953","article-title":"Disorders of the liver","author":"Barton","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effect of aluminum phosphide on blood glucose level","volume":"41","author":"Abder-Rahman","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol","first-page":"591","article-title":"Hyperglycemia in acute aluminum phosphide poisoning as a potential prognostic factor","volume":"27","author":"Mehrpour","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Avian Dis","first-page":"288","article-title":"Diagnosis of zinc phosphide in chickens using a new analytical approach","volume":"49","author":"Tiwary","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Pestic Sci","first-page":"213","article-title":"A review of the mechanisms involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insects","volume":"49","author":"Chaudhry","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Indian Med Assoc","first-page":"380","article-title":"Histopathological changes in aluminum phosphide poisoning","volume":"93","author":"Arora","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"232","article-title":"Incidence & outcome of aluminum phosphide poisoning in a hospital study","volume":"94","author":"Chugh","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol","first-page":"177","article-title":"Histopathological changes in cases of aluminum phosphide poisoning","volume":"48","author":"Sinha","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Med Sci Law","first-page":"141","article-title":"The effect of aluminum phosphide on the human brain: a histologic study","volume":"47","author":"Tripathi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"161","article-title":"Zinc phosphide poisoning in a horse","volume":"28","author":"Drolet","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/236\/4\/javma.236.4.446.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/236\/4\/javma.236.4.446.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/236\/4\/javma.236.4.446.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:22:54Z","timestamp":1741353774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/236\/4\/javma.236.4.446.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.236.4.446","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,15]]}}}