{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T04:16:47Z","timestamp":1775276207439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the effects of IM administration of acepromazine, hydromorphone, or the acepromazine-hydromorphone combination on degree of sedation in clinically normal dogs and to compare 2 sedation scoring techniques.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201446 random-source dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were assigned to receive IM administrations of acepromazine (0.5 mg\/kg [0.23 mg\/lb]; n = 12), hydromorphone (0.1 mg\/kg [0.045 mg\/lb]; 11), acepromazine-hydromorphone (0.5 mg\/kg and 0.1 mg\/kg, respectively; 12), or saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (0.05 mL\/kg [0.023 mL\/lb]; 11). Sedation scores were determined at 0 (time of administration), 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes by use of a subjective scoring system (SSS) and a simple numeric rating scale (NRS).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Acepromazine caused significantly greater sedation than did saline solution at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Acepromazine-hydromorphone caused significantly greater sedation than did saline solution at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes and than did hydromorphone alone at 30 minutes. Hydromorphone alone did not cause significantly greater sedation than did saline solution. All treatments, including saline solution, caused significantly greater sedation at 45 and 60 minutes, compared with sedation at time 0. There was a significant correlation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.72) between scores obtained with the SSS and NRS, but the NRS was less sensitive for detecting clinically important sedation.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Administration of acepromazine or acepromazine-hydromorphone caused sedation in clinically normal dogs, whereas administration of hydromorphone alone did not. The NRS was a less-reliable measure of sedation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.10.1155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]],"date-time":"2010-11-15T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1289808221000},"page":"1155-1159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Effects of acepromazine, hydromorphone, or an acepromazine-hydromorphone combination on the degree of sedation in clinically normal dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Erik H.","family":"Hofmeister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt R.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Lumb & Jones' veterinary anesthesia and analgesia","first-page":"208","article-title":"Anticholinergics and sedatives","author":"Lemke","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Veterinary drug handbook","first-page":"l","article-title":"Acepromazine","author":"Plumb","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Effects of hydromorphone or oxymorphone, with or without acepromazine, on preanesthetic sedation, physiologic values, and histamine release in dogs","volume":"218","author":"Smith","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Evaluation of diphenhydramine as a sedative for dogs","volume":"226","author":"Hofmeister","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"519","article-title":"Effects of methadone alone or in combination with acepromazine or xylazine, on sedation and physiologic values in dogs","volume":"35","author":"Monteiro","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"162","article-title":"Sedative effects of intramuscular administration of a low dose of romifidine in dogs","volume":"60","author":"Lemke","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"225","article-title":"Sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Vainio","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"334","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of intravenous hydromorphone in conscious dogs","volume":"31","author":"Guedes","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effects of acepromazine on the incidence of vomiting associated with opioid administration in dogs","volume":"31","author":"Valverde","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Eur J Pharmacol","first-page":"43","article-title":"Mu and delta, but not kappa, opioid agonists induce contractions of the canine small intestine in vivo","volume":"109","author":"Vaught","year":"1985"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/10\/javma.237.10.1155.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/10\/javma.237.10.1155.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/10\/javma.237.10.1155.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:04:23Z","timestamp":1741356263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/10\/javma.237.10.1155.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.237.10.1155","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]]}}}