{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:11:18Z","timestamp":1785535878121,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize clinical signs and findings from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CSF analysis for dogs with progressive myelomalacia (PM) diagnosed on the basis of clinical and histologic features.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20145 dogs with confirmed PM and 7 with presumptive PM evaluated from 1997 through 2008.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of study dogs were reviewed, and clinical signs and MRI and CSF findings were evaluated. A clinical diagnosis of PM was made on the basis of detection of disk-associated spinal cord compression via MRI and progression of clinical signs from initial paraparesis or paraplegia to thoracic limb lower motor neuron paresis to tetraplegia associated with cranial migration of the extent of cutaneous trunci reflex extinction and analgesia, terminating in death due to respiratory paralysis.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All dogs were paraplegic and had signs of lower motor neuron lesions. As revealed by MRI of the vertebral column, the length of abnormal signal intensity was more than 6-fold, compared with the body length of L2. In some dogs, these abnormal MRI findings were observed before PM was clinically diagnosed. The CSF examination revealed hemorrhagic xanthochromia.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014A hyperintense region of the spinal cord &gt; 6 times the length of L2 on T2-weighted imaging might be a characteristic MRI finding of PM. In some dogs, such MRI findings were observed before PM was clinically diagnosed. Progressive myelomalacia may thus be diagnosable at the early stage through MRI and CSF examination before signs of PM develop.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.10.1160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,15]],"date-time":"2010-11-15T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1289808221000},"page":"1160-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Magnetic resonance imaging features and clinical signs associated with presumptive and confirmed progressive myelomalacia in dogs: 12 cases (1997-2008)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Midori","family":"Okada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Kitagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Itou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiichi","family":"Kanayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeo","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"78","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of ascending hemorrhagic myelomalacia in a dog","volume":"47","author":"Platt","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"256","article-title":"Loss of deep pain sensation following thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in dogs: pathophysiology","volume":"25","author":"Amsellem","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"326","article-title":"Results of myelography in seven dogs with myelomalacia","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Veterinary neuropathology","first-page":"189","article-title":"Injuries to the central nervous system","author":"Summers","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"425","article-title":"The extensive myelopathy of intervertebral disc protrusions in dogs (\u201cthe ascending syndrome\u201d)","volume":"13","author":"Griffiths","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"762","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome of dogs with severe injuries of thoracolumbar spinal cord: 87 cases (1996\u20132001)","volume":"222","author":"Olby","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"417","article-title":"Laminectomy for 34 dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease and loss of deep pain perception","volume":"40","author":"Scott","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease: pathophesiology, neurologic examination, and emergency medical therapy","volume":"31","author":"Griffin","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in dogs with paraplegia caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion: 77 cases (2000\u20132003)","volume":"227","author":"Ito","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"6","article-title":"Spinal cord swelling as a myelographic indicator of prognosis: a retrospective study in dogs with intervertebral disc disease and loss of deep pain perception","volume":"25","author":"Duval","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Small animal spinal disorders diagnosis and surgery","first-page":"122","article-title":"Thoracolumbar disc disease","author":"Wheeler","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"572","article-title":"Mechanical and pathophysiological aspects of acute spinal cord trauma","volume":"32","author":"Janssens","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Magn Reson Med","first-page":"315","article-title":"Does loss of gray- and white-matter contrast in injured spinal cord signify secondary injury? 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