{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T13:58:25Z","timestamp":1776952705314,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u2014A 1-year-old 32.5-kg (71.5-lb) sexually intact male foxhound-Treeing Walker Coonhound cross was evaluated because of a 2.5-month history of dermatologic lesions, weight loss, and diarrhea.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014Physical examination revealed muscle wasting, lymphadenopathy, and multifocal pruritic dermatologic lesions of alopecia, thickening, erythema, and follicular casting. Hematologic and serum biochemical analyses revealed nonregenerative anemia, mono-cytosis, hypercalcemia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Proteinuria was identified on urinalysis. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and diffuse abdominal lymphadenomegaly were detected on abdominal ultrasonography. A diagnosis of leishmaniasis was confirmed by ELISA detection of serum antibodies against <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp, a high serum indirect fluorescent antibody titer (1:1,024) against <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>, amplification of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> DNA on PCR assay of a whole blood sample and a lymph node aspirate, and histologic identification of suspected <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> amastigotes in skin specimens. In addition, the dog had a low CD4+:CD8+ lymphocyte ratio of 1:1.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014The dog was euthanized because of the severity of leishmaniasis and poor prognosis. This dog was from a litter of 10 puppies that included 4 stillborn puppies, 2 puppies that died as neonates, and 1 littermate that was euthanized at 1 year of age because of a high serum antibody titer against <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp. Eventually the foxhound dam was euthanized because of a high serum antibody titer against <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> spp. The dog had been raised with an unaffected littermate, its sire, and an unrelated Treeing Walker Coonhound female that were seronegative for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Although vertical disease transmission was suspected, it is possible that <jats:italic>L infantum<\/jats:italic> is now endemic in Colorado. Leishmaniasis should be considered in dogs with scaly dermatoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.11.1288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T08:06:06Z","timestamp":1291190766000},"page":"1288-1291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Leishmaniasis in a dog native to Colorado"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Kate S.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Lappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in North America","first-page":"4","author":"Schantz","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies against Leishmania spp among dogs in the United States","first-page":"603","volume":"222","author":"Grosjean","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis, United States and Canada, 2000-2003","first-page":"440","volume":"12","author":"Duprey","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Infecetiousness in a cohort of Brazilian dogs: why culling fails to control visceral leishmaniasis in areas of high transmission","first-page":"1314","volume":"1867","author":"Courtenay","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in a New York Foxhound kennel","first-page":"34","volume":"16","author":"Gaskin","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis in dogs in North America","first-page":"1316","volume":"226","author":"Schantz","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Canine leishmaniasis: dog infectivity to sand fies from nonendemic areas","first-page":"83","volume":"72","author":"Travi","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Participation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniasis","first-page":"149","volume":"128","author":"Coutinho","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Leishmania chagasi","first-page":"71","volume":"103","author":"Andrade","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Transplacental transmission of a North American isolate of Leishmania infantum in a experimentally infected beagle","first-page":"970","volume":"91","author":"Rosypal","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Canine leishmaniasis in the newborn puppy","first-page":"771","volume":"27","author":"Masucci","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Disseminated Leishmania infantum infection in two sibling foxhounds due to possible vertical transmission","first-page":"1005","volume":"49","author":"Gibson-Corley","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Non-sand fly transmission of a North American isolate of Leishmania infantum in experimentally Infected BALB\/C mice","first-page":"1113","volume":"91","author":"Rosypal","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Venereal transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis","first-page":"55","volume":"160","author":"Silva","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis through blood transfusions from English Foxhounds to anemic dogs","first-page":"1076","volume":"219","author":"Owens","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Leishmania donovani","first-page":"381","volume":"42","author":"Giger","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Endemic canine leischmaniasis","first-page":"94","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Leishmania-specific isotype levels and their relationship with specific cell-mediated immunity parameters in canine leishmaniasis","first-page":"190","volume":"116","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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