{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:55:01Z","timestamp":1787025301512,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine whether use of a closed urine collection system would decrease the incidence of nosocomial bacteriuria in hospitalized dogs, compared with use of an open urine collection system (used, sterile IV bags).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Randomized controlled trial.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201451 hospitalized dogs requiring indwelling urinary catheterization for \u2265 24 hours.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Dogs were randomly assigned to an open or closed urine collection system group. A standardized protocol for catheter placement and maintenance was followed for all dogs. A baseline urine sample was collected via cystocentesis for aerobic bacterial culture, with additional urine samples obtained daily from the urine collection reservoir.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201427 dogs were assigned to the open urine collection system group, and 24 were assigned to the closed urine collection system group. The incidence of nosocomial bacteriuria in dogs with open urine collection systems (3\/27 [11.1%]) was not significantly different from incidence in dogs with closed urine collection systems (2\/24 [8.3%]). Median duration of catheterization was 2 days for dogs in both groups; the range was 1 to 7 days for dogs in the open group and 1 to 5 days for dogs in the closed group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results suggested that for dogs requiring short-term indwelling urinary catheterization, the type of urine collection system (open vs closed) was not associated with likelihood of developing nosocomial bacteriuria. Use of a strict protocol for urinary catheter placement and maintenance was likely key in the low incidence of nosocomial bacteriuria in the present study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.2.187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]],"date-time":"2010-07-15T09:26:39Z","timestamp":1279185999000},"page":"187-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Evaluation of open versus closed urine collection systems and development of nosocomial bacteriuria in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki L.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serene C.","family":"Onuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1936","article-title":"Incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infection among dogs in a small animal intensive care unit","volume":"224","author":"Smarick","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"627","article-title":"Nosocomial infection surveillance in a small animal intensive care unit","volume":"24","author":"Lippert","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"384","article-title":"Urinary tract infection due to indwelling bladder catheters in dogs and cats","volume":"187","author":"Barsanti","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"484","article-title":"Recurrent and persistent urinary tract infections in dogs: 383 cases 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extraintestinal infection in 37 dogs","volume":"22","author":"Gibson","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Urol","first-page":"1720","article-title":"Resistance trends in urinary tract pathogens and impact on management","volume":"168","author":"Mazzulli","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Br J Nurs","first-page":"74","article-title":"Management of long-term urethral catheters: minimizing complications","volume":"9","author":"Godfrey","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1155","article-title":"Prevention of catheter-induced urinary-tract infections by sterile closed drainage","volume":"274","author":"Kunin","year":"1966"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"299","article-title":"Catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"17","author":"Warren","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"2","article-title":"Aerobic bacterial culture of used intravenous fluid bags intended for use as urine collection reservoirs","volume":"44","author":"Barrett","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"557","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of urinary tract infection in 42 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or diabetes mellitus or both","volume":"13","author":"Forrester","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"632","article-title":"Primary culture media for routine urine processing","volume":"16","author":"Fung","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"148","article-title":"Nosocomial canine urinary tract infections in a veterinary teaching hospital (1983 to 1988)","volume":"26","author":"Wise","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"893","article-title":"Frequency of urinary tract infection in catheterized dogs and comparison of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results 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specimens for culture","volume":"73","author":"Lewis","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Effects of storage time and temperature on quantitative culture of canine urine","volume":"178","author":"Padilla","year":"1981"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical 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