{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:16:50Z","timestamp":1784830610003,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Case Description<\/jats:bold>\u20143 alpaca crias and cadavers of an alpaca cria and a llama cria were evaluated for evidence of esophageal dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Findings<\/jats:bold>\u2014All 5 crias were between 3 and 5 months of age when clinical signs developed, and all had a thin body condition when examined. Clinical signs included coughing, regurgitation, and grossly visible esophageal peristaltic waves. A barium esophagram was used to diagnose esophageal obstruction, megaesophagus, and a vascular ring anomaly (VRA). Fluoroscopy was used to evaluate deglutition, esophageal peristalsis, and the extent of esophageal dilation in 1 alpaca cria. A persistent right aortic arch was identified in 1 alpaca cria, and a left aortic arch with right ductus arteriosus or ligamentum arteriosum and an aberrant right subclavian artery were identified in the 4 remaining crias.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Treatment and Outcome<\/jats:bold>\u2014Surgical correction of the VRA was attempted in the 3 live alpaca crias. It was complicated by the conformation and location of each VRA and inaccurate anatomic diagnosis of the VRAs before surgery. Treatment was universally unsuccessful because of intraoperative complications and the persistence of clinical signs after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Megaesophagus is typically an idiopathic condition in camelids. However, these findings suggested that camelids with esophageal dysfunction during the neonatal period may have a VRA. The prognosis is grave for camelids with VRA, and accurate anatomic diagnosis of the VRA via the use of advanced imaging techniques (eg, angiography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) may improve the success of surgical intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.3.311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T13:03:30Z","timestamp":1641992610000},"page":"311-316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Esophageal dysfunction in four alpaca crias and a llama cria with vascular ring anomalies"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Erica C.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Seguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cebra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco L.","family":"Margiocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane V.","family":"L\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","first-page":"961","article-title":"Vascular rings: a practical approach to imaging diagnosis","volume":"35","author":"Hernanz-Schulman","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"693","article-title":"Vascular ring anomalies in the dog and cat","volume":"2","author":"Ellison","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"36","article-title":"Vascular ring anomalies","volume":"11","author":"VanGundy","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Anatomy of the dromedary","first-page":"142","article-title":"The heart and arteries","author":"Smuts","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"325","article-title":"Surgical correction of a persistent right aortic arch in a foal","volume":"15","author":"Mackey","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"714","article-title":"Persistent right aortic arch in a yearling horse","volume":"39","author":"Butt","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"5","article-title":"Persistent right aortic arch in a calf","volume":"129","author":"Rooney","year":"1956"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Cornell Vet","first-page":"537","article-title":"Delehanty DD. A persistent right aortic arch in a Guernsey bull","volume":"43","author":"Roberts","year":"1953"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"510","article-title":"Tracheal signs and associated vascular anomalies in dogs with persistent right aortic arch","volume":"18","author":"Buchanan","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Double aortic arch in a dog","volume":"225","author":"Vianna","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"59","article-title":"Double aortic arch with a hypoplastic left arch and patent ductus arteriosus in a dog","volume":"9","author":"Moonan","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"410","article-title":"Left aortic arch and right ligamentum arteriosum causing esophageal obstruction in a dog","volume":"203","author":"Hurley","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"264","article-title":"Esophageal obstruction caused by a left aortic arch and an anomalous right patent ductus arteriosus in two German Shepherd littermates","volume":"29","author":"Holt","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"338","article-title":"Unusual vascular ring in a cat: left aortic arch with right ligamentum arteriosum","volume":"114","author":"McCandlish","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Acta Vet Scand","first-page":"355","article-title":"Three cases of aberrant right subclavian artery in the dog","volume":"30","author":"Griffiths","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"585","article-title":"Unusual vascular ring anomaly associated with a persistent right aortic arch in two dogs","volume":"46","author":"House","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"118","article-title":"Persistent right aortic arch in a mature llama","volume":"148","author":"Butt","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"386","article-title":"Persistent right aortic arch in a yearling captive wood bison (Bison bison athabascae)","volume":"33","author":"Peters","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Vet Q","first-page":"37","article-title":"Right aortic arch in a lamb and two pigs","volume":"8","author":"van den Ingh","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd","first-page":"189","article-title":"Persistent right aortic arch associated with a persistent left ductus arteriosus and an interventricular septal defect in a horse","volume":"104","author":"van der Linde-Sipman","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"J S Afr Vet Assoc","first-page":"355","article-title":"Persistent right aortic arch in a horse","volume":"49","author":"Petrick","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"406","article-title":"Persistent right aortic arch in the horse","volume":"154","author":"Bartels","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1016","article-title":"Unusual vascular ring anomaly in a foal","volume":"45","author":"Smith","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"306","article-title":"Vascular rings necessitating right thoracotomy","volume":"82","author":"McFaul","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Textbook of small animal surgery","first-page":"577","article-title":"Esophagus","author":"Kyles","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Small animal surgery","first-page":"405","article-title":"Surgery of the digestive system","author":"Hedlund","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"42","article-title":"Imaging diagnosis\u2014CT angiography of a rare vascular ring anomaly in a dog","volume":"49","author":"Joly","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Vet Cardiol","first-page":"125","article-title":"Non-selective computed tomography angiography of a vascular ring anomaly in a dog","volume":"10","author":"Pownder","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"981","article-title":"Late-onset regurgitation associated with persistent right aortic arch in two dogs","volume":"191","author":"Fingeroth","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"92","article-title":"Megaesophagus in 15 llamas: a retrospective study (1985\u20131993)","volume":"9","author":"Watrous","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"483","article-title":"Probable congenital esophageal stenosis in a Thoroughbred foal","volume":"199","author":"Clabough","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Effect of persistent aortic arch on the ganglial cells of the canine esophagus","volume":"158","author":"Clifford","year":"1971"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1761","article-title":"Long-term results of surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch in dogs: 25 cases (1980\u20131995)","volume":"210","author":"Muldoon","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref34","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic division of the ligamentum arteriosum in two dogs with persistent right aortic arch","volume":"217","author":"Isakow","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref35","series-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc","first-page":"577","article-title":"Thoracoscopic correction of persistent right aortic arch in a dog","volume":"37","author":"MacPhail","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref36","series-title":"J Pediatr Surg","first-page":"539","article-title":"Vascular ring abnormalities: a retrospective study of 62 cases","volume":"38","author":"Bonnard","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref37","series-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)","first-page":"244","article-title":"Vascular rings in childhood: diagnosis and treatment [in Portuguese]","volume":"78","author":"Longo-Santos","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref38","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Investigation of the potential heritability of persistent right aortic arch in Greyhounds","volume":"224","author":"Gunby","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/3\/javma.237.3.311.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/3\/javma.237.3.311.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/3\/javma.237.3.311.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:19:05Z","timestamp":1741353545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/3\/javma.237.3.311.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.237.3.311","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]}}}