{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:19:45Z","timestamp":1793103585559,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary<\/jats:bold>\u2014During 2009, 49 states and Puerto Rico reported 6,690 rabid animals and 4 human rabies cases to the CDC, representing a 2.2% decrease from the 6,841 rabid animals and 2 human cases reported in 2008. Approximately 92% of reported rabid animals were wildlife. Relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,327 (34.8%) raccoons, 1,625 (24.3%) bats, 1,603 (24.0%) skunks, 504 (75%) foxes, 300 (4.5%) cats, 81 (1.2%) dogs, and 74 (1.1%) cattle. Compared with 2008, numbers of rabid raccoons and bats that were reported decreased, whereas numbers of rabid skunks, foxes, cats, cattle, dogs, and horses that were reported increased.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Fewer rabid raccoons, compared with 2008, were reported by 12 of the 20 eastern states where raccoon rabies is enzootic, and number of rabid raccoons decreased by 2.6% overall nationally. Despite a 10% decrease in the number of rabid bats that were reported and a decrease in the total number of bats submitted for testing, bats were the second most commonly submitted animal, behind cats, during 2009. The number of rabid skunks that were reported increased by 0.9% overall. The proportion of rabid skunks in which infection was attributed to the raccoon rabies virus variant decreased from 473% in 2008 to 40.9% in 2009, resulting in a 12.7% increase in the number of rabid skunks infected with a skunk rabies virus variant. The number of rabid foxes increased 11.0% overall from the previous year.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Four cases of rabies involving humans were reported from Texas, Indiana, Virginia, and Michigan. The Texas case represented the first presumptive abortive human rabies case, with the patient recovering after the onset of symptoms without intensive care. The Indiana and Michigan cases were associated with bat rabies virus variants. The human rabies case in Virginia was associated with a canine rabies virus variant acquired during the patient's travel to India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.6.646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]],"date-time":"2010-09-15T07:12:51Z","timestamp":1284534771000},"page":"646-657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2009"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Jesse D.","family":"Blanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustyn","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"RR-3","key":"ref1","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human rabies prevention\u2014United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"57","author":"Manning","year":"2008"},{"issue":"RR-2","key":"ref2","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies","volume":"59","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Rabies","first-page":"1","article-title":"The history of rabies","author":"Baer","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"296","article-title":"Epidemiologic and historical relationships among 87 rabies virus isolates as determined by limited sequence analysis","volume":"166","author":"Smith","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"18","article-title":"Inauguration of rabies control studies by the US Public Health Service","volume":"112","author":"Tierkel","year":"1948"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"13666","article-title":"Predicting the local dynamics of epizootic rabies among raccoons in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Childs","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Int J Health Geogr","first-page":"14","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of enzootic raccoon rabies adjusted for multiple covariates","volume":"6","author":"Recuenco","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"661","article-title":"Extension of the raccoon rabies epizootic\u2014United States, 1992","volume":"41","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"580","article-title":"Translocation of coyote rabies\u2014Florida, 1994","volume":"44","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Rabies in a dog imported from Iraq\u2014New Jersey","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Zoonoses Public Health","first-page":"421","article-title":"Importation of dogs into the United States: risks from rabies and other zoonotic diseases","volume":"55","author":"McQuiston","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1143","article-title":"Skunk and raccoon rabies in the eastern United States: temporal and spatial analysis","volume":"9","author":"Guerra","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1849","article-title":"Enzootic rabies elimination from dogs and reemergence in wild terrestrial carnivores, United States","volume":"14","author":"Velasco-Villa","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Rabies","first-page":"259","article-title":"Bat rabies","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Public health reporting and national notification for animal rabies. 09-ID-12","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"National surveillance for human rabies. 09-ID-70","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Protocol for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in animals by direct fluorescent antibody testing","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e549","article-title":"Oral rabies vaccination in North America: opportunities, complexities, and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Slate","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"676","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2008","volume":"235","author":"Blanton","year":"2009"},{"issue":"RR-5","key":"ref20","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compendium of measures to prevent disease associated with animals in public settings, 2009: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. 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Experimental production in white mice and general discussion","volume":"114","author":"Bell","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"327","article-title":"Rabies re-examined","volume":"2","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"7141","article-title":"Evidence for a 4-dose vaccine schedule for human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in previously non-vaccinated individuals","volume":"27","author":"Rupprecht","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"7156","article-title":"Epidemiology of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis\u2014United States of America, 2006-2008","volume":"27","author":"Christian","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","article-title":"Time series analysis of the impact of oral vaccination on raccoon rabies in West Virginia, 1990-2007 [published online ahead of print Dec 18, 2009]","author":"Ma"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"7194","article-title":"Oral immunization of raccoons and skunks with a canine adenovirus recombinant rabies vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Henderson","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"6619","article-title":"Safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (AdRG1.3-ON-RAB) in target and non-target species","volume":"27","author":"Knowles","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"397","article-title":"Human rabies\u2014Kentucky and Montana 1996","volume":"46","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)","first-page":"16","article-title":"Human rabies prevention-United States","volume":"48","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref33","series-title":"Revision of the surveillance case definition for human rabies. 10-ID-16","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/6\/javma.237.6.646.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/6\/javma.237.6.646.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/6\/javma.237.6.646.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:47:34Z","timestamp":1741355254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/6\/javma.237.6.646.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.237.6.646","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]]}}}