{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T18:52:56Z","timestamp":1778611976320,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize a 2007 bluetongue disease (BT) epizootic caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 17 in sheep in the Big Horn Basin of Wyoming.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20141,359 sheep from ranches in Wyoming and Montana.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Information on clinical signs and history of BT in sheep was obtained from ranchers and attending veterinarians. At 3 to 6 months after the 2007 BT epizootic, blood samples were collected from rams, ewes, and lambs within and outside the Big Horn Basin; blood samples were also collected from lambs born in the spring of 2008. Sera were tested for anti-BTV antibodies by use of a competitive ELISA to determine the seroprevalence of BTV in sheep and to measure antibody titers. Virus isolation and reverse transcriptase PCR assays were used to determine long-term presence of the infectious virus or viral genetic material in RBCs of sheep.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The percentage of sheep seropositive for BTV closely matched morbidity of sheep within flocks, indicating few subclinical infections. Flocks separated by as little as 1 mile had substantial variation in infection rate. Rams were infected at a higher rate than ewes. There was no evidence of BTV successfully overwintering in the area.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014This epizootic appears to be a new intrusion of BTV into a na\u00efve population of sheep previously protected geographically by the mountains surrounding the Big Horn Basin. Rams may have a higher infection rate as a result of increased vector biting opportunity because of the large surface area of the scrotum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.8.955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T07:05:17Z","timestamp":1287126317000},"page":"955-959","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Investigation of a bluetongue disease epizootic caused by bluetongue virus serotype 17 in sheep in Wyoming"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Myrna M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Cornish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James O.","family":"Mecham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Will K.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1654","article-title":"Temporal appearance, geographic distribution, and species of origin of bluetongue virus serotypes in the United States","volume":"40","author":"Barber","year":"1979"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci","first-page":"219","article-title":"Culicoides vari-ipennis and bluetongue disease. Research on arthropod-borne animal diseases for control and prevention in the year 2000","volume":"791","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Virus Res","first-page":"116","article-title":"Persistence of bluetongue virus serotype 2 (BTV-2) in the southeast United States","volume":"113","author":"Mecham","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"741","article-title":"Effect of temperature on life history parameters of adult Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in relation to geographic origin and vectorial capacity for blue-tongue virus","volume":"44","author":"Lysyk","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Effects of temperature on virogenesis of bluetongue virus serotype 11 in Culi-coides variipennis sonorensis","volume":"9","author":"Mullens","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the transmission of orbiviruses by the biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis","volume":"16","author":"Wittmann","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Gen Virol","first-page":"453","article-title":"Studies on overwintering of bluetongue viruses in insects","volume":"86","author":"White","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Aust Vet J","first-page":"11","article-title":"The clinico-pathological effect of bluetongue virus serotype 20 in sheep","volume":"58","author":"Uren","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Virology","first-page":"330","article-title":"The role of endothelial cell-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in the pathogenesis of bluetongue","volume":"296","author":"DeMaula","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1198","article-title":"Experimental bluetongue virus infection of sheep; effect of vaccination: pathologic, immunofluorescent, and ultrastructural studies","volume":"47","author":"Mahrt","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"310","article-title":"Experimental reproduction of severe bluetongue in sheep","volume":"45","author":"MacLachlan","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1906","article-title":"Experimentally induced bluetongue virus infection in white-tailed deer: coagulation, clinical pathologic, and gross pathologic changes","volume":"49","author":"Howerth","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"113","article-title":"Bluetongue in freeranging pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana) in Wyoming: 1976 and 1984","volume":"24","author":"Thorne","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"223","article-title":"The pathogenesis of experimental bluetongue virus infection of calves","volume":"27","author":"MacLachlan","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Duration of vi-raemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in bluetongue virus-infected cattle and sheep","volume":"88","author":"Bonneau","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"233","article-title":"Comparison of virologic and serologic responses of lambs and calves infected with bluetongue virus serotype 10","volume":"18","author":"Richards","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"277","article-title":"Duration of blue-tongue viraemia and serological responses in experimentally infected European breeds of sheep and goats","volume":"64","author":"Koumbati","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Vet Microbiol","first-page":"189","article-title":"Bluetongue virus serotypes 20 and 17 infections in sheep: comparison of clinical and serological responses","volume":"7","author":"Groocock","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"139","article-title":"Diagnostic analysis of the prolonged bluetongue virus RNA presence found in the blood of naturally infected cattle and experimentally infected sheep","volume":"6","author":"Katz","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"299","article-title":"Simulation analysis of the effect of herd immunity and age structure on infection of a cattle herd with bluetongue viruses in Queensland, Australia","volume":"29","author":"Ward","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"San Diego Union-Tribune","article-title":"Bluetongue disease forces restrictions on transport of sheep in eastern Montana","author":"Gallagher","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Fatal disease due to bluetongue virus in sheep and wildlife in Wyoming [press release]","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Virus Res","first-page":"39","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of bluetongue virus in northern Colorado","volume":"118","author":"White","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"487","article-title":"Isolation of arbo-viruses from Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Colorado during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey","volume":"27","author":"Kramer","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res","first-page":"243","article-title":"A study on bluetongue virus infection in Saudi Arabia using sentinel ruminants","volume":"65","author":"Abu Elzein","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Hyg (Lond)","first-page":"177","article-title":"Bluetongue virus in a Nigerian dairy cattle herd. 1. Serological studies and correlation of virus activity to vector population","volume":"90","author":"Herniman","year":"1983"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"518","article-title":"Antigen capture competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using baculovirus-expressed antigens for diagnosis of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemor-rhagic disease virus","volume":"42","author":"Mecham","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"J Wildl Dis","first-page":"584","article-title":"Host defense responses associated with experimental hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer","volume":"33","author":"Quist","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref29","series-title":"J Virol Methods","first-page":"140","article-title":"An improved, high-throughput method for detection of bluetongue virus RNA in Culicoides midges utilizing infrared-dye-labeled primers for reverse transcriptase PCR","volume":"140","author":"Kato","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref30","series-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest","first-page":"760","article-title":"A multiplex realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serogroups","volume":"21","author":"Wilson","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref31","series-title":"Microb Pathog","first-page":"337","article-title":"An analysis of co-circulating serotypes for bluetongue-17 virulence markers","volume":"18","author":"Israel","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref32","series-title":"DNA Seq","first-page":"237","article-title":"Bluetongue virus serotype 17 sequence variation associated with neutralization","volume":"19","author":"Wilson","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/8\/javma.237.8.955.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/8\/javma.237.8.955.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/237\/8\/javma.237.8.955.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T14:03:30Z","timestamp":1741356210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/237\/8\/javma.237.8.955.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.237.8.955","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]]}}}