{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:22:48Z","timestamp":1792660968914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To identify history, clinical signs, endoscopic findings, treatment, and outcome of mature (&gt; 8 years old) nonracehorses with epiglottic abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201423 horses with an epiglottic abnormality.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medical records of horses examined between 1990 and 2009 because of an epiglottic abnormality were reviewed to obtain information on signalment, history, clinical signs, clinical examination findings, upper airway endoscopic findings, diagnosis, surgical procedure, clinical management, postoperative care, and outcome.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mean \u00b1 SD age was 16 \u00b1 6 years (range, 9 to 30 years). Sixteen of the 23 (70%) horses had a primary complaint of a chronic cough. Thirteen (57%) horses had epiglottic entrapment, 7 (30%) had a subepiglottic granuloma, and 3 (13%) had a subepiglottic cyst. All 23 horses were treated surgically, with 1 (4%) requiring further surgical treatment. Follow-up examinations and conversations with owners indicated resolution of the primary complaint in 17 of the 23 (74%) horses, with 4 (24%) requiring prolonged medical treatment because of postoperative subepiglottic inflammation. Of the 6 horses without complete resolution, 4 (67%) had signs of recurrent airway obstruction and 2 (33%) developed persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate following laryngotomy and subepiglottic membrane resection.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results suggested that coughing is a common complaint in mature nonracehorses with epiglottic abnormalities. Therefore, upper airway endoscopy is recommended in the evaluation of older horses with a cough. Surgical treatment can be beneficial in most horses, with some requiring further postoperative medical treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.12.1634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]],"date-time":"2011-06-15T11:49:18Z","timestamp":1308138558000},"page":"1634-1638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Epiglottic abnormalities in mature nonracehorses: 23 cases (1990\u20132009)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Maia R.","family":"Aitken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"169","article-title":"Disorders of the larynx","volume":"19","author":"Davenport-Goodall","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"270","article-title":"Epiglottic retroversion as a cause of upper airway obstruction in two horses","volume":"30","author":"Parente","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"142","article-title":"Upper airway function during maximal exercise in horses with obstructive upper airway lesions: effect of surgical treatment","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"507","article-title":"Dorsal displacement of the soft palate in 92 horses during high-speed treadmill examination (1993\u20131998)","volume":"31","author":"Parente","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Experiences in treatment of epiglottal entrapment using a hook knife per nasum","volume":"27","author":"Greet","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"416","article-title":"Transoral axial division, under endoscopic guidance, for correction of epiglottic entrapment in horses","volume":"230","author":"Ross","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"393","article-title":"Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 1: observations during high-speed treadmill endoscopy of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses","volume":"38","author":"Lane","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"229","article-title":"Evidence-based equine upper respiratory surgery","volume":"23","author":"Beard","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"554","article-title":"Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992\u20131996)","volume":"216","author":"Martin","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Surg","first-page":"800","article-title":"Endoscope-guided, transoral axial division of an entrapping epiglottic fold in fifteen standing horses","volume":"36","author":"Perkins","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Equine endoscopy","first-page":"117","article-title":"Transendoscopic laser surgery of the upper respiratory tract","author":"Tulleners","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"729","article-title":"Surgical treatment for epiglottic entrapment in horses: 51 cases (1981\u20131992)","volume":"205","author":"Lumsden","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"62","article-title":"Subepiglottic cyst in three foals","volume":"177","author":"Stick","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Evaluation of peroral transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and snare excision of subepiglottic cysts in horses","volume":"198","author":"Tulleners","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"463","article-title":"Use of intralesional formalin administration for treatment of a subepiglottic cyst in a horse","volume":"233","author":"Dougherty","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Equine surgery","first-page":"566","article-title":"Larynx","author":"Stick","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"416","article-title":"Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 1: examination techniques, diagnostic criteria and diagnoses","volume":"27","author":"Dixon","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"Equine internal medicine","first-page":"142","article-title":"Cough","author":"Kohn","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Int Rev Cytol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(07)57006-3","article-title":"Cellular basis of chronic obsstructive pulmonary disease in horses","volume":"257","author":"Marinkovic","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"Eur Respir J","first-page":"1193","article-title":"Neurophysiology of the cough reflex","volume":"8","author":"Widdicombe","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"482","article-title":"Airway inflammation in nonasthmatic subjects with chronic cough","volume":"149","author":"Boulet","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1847","article-title":"Effects of airway inflammation on cough response in the guinea pig","volume":"85","author":"Xiang","year":"1998"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/238\/12\/javma.238.12.1634.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/238\/12\/javma.238.12.1634.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/238\/12\/javma.238.12.1634.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:15:27Z","timestamp":1741353327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/238\/12\/javma.238.12.1634.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.238.12.1634","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,15]]}}}