{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T02:52:51Z","timestamp":1775616771861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize signalment, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome in horses with rattlesnake envenomation in northern California.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201458 client-owned horses evaluated for rattlesnake envenomation at 2 referral hospitals from 1992 to 2009.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Records of horses with rattlesnake envenomation were reviewed, and data concerning signalment, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome were collected. In addition, a rattlesnake-bite severity score (RBSS) was assigned to each horse. Variables were compared between horses that survived and those that did not.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014The overall mortality rate was 9%. Nine horses received antivenin; no complications were reported and none of the 9 died. The most common laboratory findings associated with severity of envenomation were thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia, hyperlactatemia, and a high RBSS.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Most horses in this study had a good prognosis after being bitten by rattlesnakes. Laboratory and clinical examination findings may be useful for identifying horses with a poorer prognosis. Treatment with antivenin may be beneficial and warrants further evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.5.631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T19:13:49Z","timestamp":1299093229000},"page":"631-635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Rattlesnake envenomation in horses: 58 cases (1992\u20132009)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"C. Langdon","family":"Fielding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pusterla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. Gary","family":"Magdesian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill C.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe A.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Am Fam Phys","first-page":"1376","article-title":"Venomous snakebites in the United States: management review and update","volume":"65","author":"Juckett","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Clinical findings associated with prairie rattlesnake bites in dogs: 100 cases (1989\u20131998)","volume":"220","author":"Hackett","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"603","article-title":"Effect of antivenin dose on outcome from crotalid envenomation: 218 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