{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:18:53Z","timestamp":1759335533773,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To identify practices associated with failure of heartworm prophylaxis among dog and kennel owners and dog trainers.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Online survey and mail-in questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\u2014708 members of a national hunting dog club.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Heartworm prevention practices used by respondents that reported failure of prophylaxis were compared with practices used by respondents that reported success.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Univariate analyses indicated failure of heartworm prophylaxis was inversely related to the number of dogs under a respondent's care. Year-round prophylactic practice was not significantly associated with reduced odds of failure, and efforts to control exposure to mosquitoes were similar among the comparison groups. Respondents reporting prophylaxis failure were more likely to test for heartworm infection \u2265 1 time\/y, compared with those reporting success. In a multivariable analysis, residence south of the Virginia-North Carolina state line (ie, the 37th geographic parallel), testing for heartworm infection &lt; once a year when the test was administered prior to April 1, and keeping dogs outdoors for longer periods at dusk, at dawn, or after dark were associated with increased odds of prophylaxis failure.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Veterinarians should stress the importance of annual heartworm testing 6 to 7 months after the last possible date of exposure to heartworm, regardless of whether a dog receives prophylactic treatment year-round. Reducing the number of hours dogs spend outdoors at dusk, at dawn, or after dark may reduce the odds of heartworm disease even when dogs are given preventive treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.9.1150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T07:08:57Z","timestamp":1304233737000},"page":"1150-1158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk factors associated with failure of heartworm prophylaxis among members of a national hunting dog club"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Barton W.","family":"Rohrbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agricola","family":"Odoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"191","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy of heartworm preventive products at the FDA","volume":"133","author":"Hampshire","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"61","article-title":"Ivermectin and milbemycin oxime in experimental adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection of dogs","volume":"25","author":"Snyder","year":"2011"},{"series-title":"American Heartworm Society Quarterly E-Bulletin. Heartworm preventive failures: resistance, clinic or client compliance","author":"Blagburn","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"386","article-title":"Efficacy of ivermectin against third-stage Dirofilaria immitis larvae in ferrets and dogs","volume":"33","author":"Blair","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"251","article-title":"Efficacy of selamectin in the prevention of adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs in northern Italy","volume":"91","author":"Clemence","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Parassitologia","first-page":"139","article-title":"Efficacy of moxidectin for the prevention of adult heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Genchi","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"129","article-title":"Efficacy of an injectable, sustained-release formulation of moxidectin in preventing experimental heartworm infection in mongrel dogs challenged 12 months after administration","volume":"128","author":"Lok","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"233","article-title":"Six-month prophylactic efficacy of moxidectin sustained release (SR) injectable for dogs against experimental heartworm infection in growing puppies","volume":"133","author":"Lok","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"259","article-title":"Prevention of experimentally induced heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infections in dogs and cats with a single topical application of selamectin","volume":"91","author":"McTier","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"243","article-title":"Is anthelmintic resistance a concern for heartworm control? What can we learn from the human filariasis control programs?","volume":"133","author":"Prichard","year":"2005"},{"series-title":"Dirofilaria immitis","key":"ref11"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Serologic pattern of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection","volume":"45","author":"Glickman","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"33","article-title":"Risk factors associated with canine heartworm infection","volume":"176","author":"Selby","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Calif Vet","first-page":"13","article-title":"Risk factors for heartworm infection in dogs living in Sierra Nevada foothills and Sacramento Valley counties; public health implications","volume":"38","author":"Theis","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Proceedings of the heartworm symposium \u203295","first-page":"5","article-title":"Risk factors for heartworm infection in Northern California","author":"Walters","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract","first-page":"77","article-title":"Seasonality of heartworm infection and implications for chemoprophylaxis","volume":"13","author":"Knight","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"255","article-title":"2005 guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection in dogs","volume":"133","author":"Nelson","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/238\/9\/javma.238.9.1150.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/238\/9\/javma.238.9.1150.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/238\/9\/javma.238.9.1150.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:15:59Z","timestamp":1741353359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/238\/9\/javma.238.9.1150.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.238.9.1150","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0003-1488"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]}}}