{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T13:59:04Z","timestamp":1776347944582,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["javma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in combination with butorphanol, hydromorphone, or buprenorphine with or without reversal by atipamezole in cats undergoing castration.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\u2014Prospective, randomized, split-plot, blinded study.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201430 healthy male cats.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cats were assigned to receive dexmedetomidine (25 \u03bcg\/kg [11.4 \u03bcg\/lb]) and ketamine (3 mg\/kg [1.4 mg\/lb]) with butorphanol (0.2 mg\/kg [0.09 mg\/lb]; DKBut; n = 10), hydromorphone (0.05 mg\/kg [0.023 mg\/lb]; DKH; 10), or buprenorphine (30 \u03bcg\/kg [13.6 \u03bcg\/lb]; DKBup; 10). Drugs were administered as a single IM injection. Supplemental isoflurane was administered to cats if the level of anesthesia was inadequate for surgery. At the conclusion of surgery, half the cats (5 cats in each treatment group) received atipamezole (250 \u03bcg\/kg [113.6 \u03bcg\/lb], IM) and the remainder received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution IM. All cats received meloxicam (0.2 mg\/kg, SC) immediately prior to the conclusion of surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All drug combinations induced lateral recumbency, and intubation was achievable in 13 of 30 (43%) cats at 10 minutes after injection. Supplemental isoflurane was needed for the surgery in 1 of 10 of the DKBut-, 2 of 10 of the DKH-, and 7 of 10 of the DKBup-treated cats. Cats that received atipamezole had a significantly shorter recovery time.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014DKBut and DKH combinations were suitable injectable anesthetic protocols for castration in cats commencing at 10 minutes after injection, but cats receiving DKBup may require additional time or anesthetics for adequate anesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.11.1453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T08:45:57Z","timestamp":1321519557000},"page":"1453-1462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with various opioids as injectable anesthetic combinations for castration in cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Jeff C.","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda R.","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Barletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann B.","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Krimins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Payton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"Drugs Future","first-page":"49","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine, a novel \u03b12 adrenergic agonist. A review of its pharmacodynamic characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Aantaa","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"J Feline Med Surg","first-page":"265","article-title":"Clinical use of dexmedetomidine as premedicant in cats undergoing propofolsevoflurane anaesthesia","volume":"5","author":"Mendes","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"214","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their reversal with atipamezole","volume":"33","author":"Granholm","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation of the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine-butorphanol, and dexmedetomidine-ketamine in cats","volume":"222","author":"Selmi","year":"2003"},{"issue":"(suppl 1A)","key":"ref5","series-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analgesia, sedation, and anesthesia: making the switch from medetomidine to dexmedetomidine","volume":"31","author":"Ko","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Evaluation of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and opioids as injectable anesthetic combinations for orchidectomy in dogs","volume":"238","author":"Barletta","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"135","article-title":"Thermal antinociception after dexmedetomidine administration in cats: a dose-finding study","volume":"31","author":"Slingsby","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"663","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam for canine hip radiography","volume":"47","author":"Lepp\u00e4nen","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"SAS system for mixed models","author":"Littell","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"162","article-title":"Combination of dexmedetomidine with buprenorphine enhances the antinociceptive effect to a thermal stimulus in the cat compared with either agent alone","volume":"37","author":"Slingsby","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/239\/11\/javma.239.11.1453.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/239\/11\/javma.239.11.1453.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/javma\/239\/11\/javma.239.11.1453.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:46:38Z","timestamp":1741355198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/javma\/239\/11\/javma.239.11.1453.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.239.11.1453","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-1488"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-1488","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]}}}